How Should Rmit University Address the Issue?

How Should RMIT University Address the Issue of Declining International Student Numbers in A Very Competitive Global Market? [pic] Executive Summary Royal Melbourne Institution of Technology (RMIT) is a worldwide famous university and it provides global education service with good evaluations, lots of international students in Australia would choose RMIT University for their first or continuing studies and they are becoming a big part to consist of RMIT University students.But recently, because of the global financial situation change and current conditions in Australia, the RMIT University might face the declining problems of international students. Base on this overview, this research provides an analysis and recommendations of current RMIT University’s international student’s situations and future improvements. The purpose and objective of this research is searching the most closely reasons which are creating the biggest influence in international students’ ev aluations and social measurements.The major method of analysis adopts questionnaires survey; each questionnaire involves eleven progressive questions to measure the results from different gender, nationality, level of degree and personal opinions. The sample of survey can be found in appendix. The outcomes of primary and secondary data analysis indicate that the current international students declining in RMIT University because of the whole trend of the Australian international students is decreasing and lots of international students are not satisfied with RMIT University’s basic conditions or they just measured it as â€Å"Just okay†.This paper finds out the general evaluation of RMIT University is medium, a part of international students’ rate is high quality, but the most investigators evaluated as medium or lower indications. The major area of declining problem possibly is related with RMIT University itself, such as education and facilities quality, tuiti on fees and so on. But the integral situations in Australia also influence the student source of RMIT University. The recommendations are discussed as: 1. Improve education quality; . Enhance the quality of facilities and assistant services; 3. More overseas advertising; 4. Career or employment support; 5. Students wellbeing care; 6. Establish more scholarship programs and reduce tuition fee. Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 2. Research Purpose and Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 3. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 4. Findings and Outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 5. Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 6. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 1. Introduction In this particular research paper, the major research project is around the question of â€Å"How should RMIT Univer sity address the issue of declining international student numbers in a very competitive global market? † to seek relative factors and then analysis main reasons and influence.The first part of this paper is identification of research purpose and objectives; in this part it briefly describes currently general situation of Australian international students market and most of universities’ behaviours. Especially, this part represents detailed information of international students in Royal Melbourne Institution of Technology (RMIT) and recent important performance, and then combines all mentioned data and information to confirm the research purpose is aim to find out core factors by examine all related elements.Base on the research purpose of this paper, the reasonable and logical methodology should be used in collecting data and distribute the results from data analysis, therefore this article adopts the method of questionnaire survey to collect information from RMIT Unive rsity’s international students. In this particular questionnaire, it concerns the research project to set up eleven progressively questions. And in third part of this paper, it through the main questions in survey to create accurate data results to assist the continuous analysis and final outcomes.At the end of analysis, according to previous detailed analysis of primary and secondary data, this paper suggests several reasonable and active recommendations such as enhance the quality of education system and facilities and so on to support the objective purpose of this research. Finally, the conclusion of this research summarise all findings and emphasize the key improvements which is suggested to RMIT University then help institution to solve current problems. 2. Research Purpose and ObjectiveA number of international students in Australia have increased considerably over many years ago. More people, particularly from Asia-Pacific region, were likely to study in Australia. Man y universities tried to develop educational systems into Australia education standard and undertake assessment of overseas qualification by the National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition (NOOSR) in order to attract more international student (Auditor General Victoria, 2002). However, since the global financial crisis in 2008 numbers of international students are decreased by 10% to lowest levels.Margaret Gardner, vice chancellor and president of RMIT University, said that there is likely to be a decline in the total number of international students coming to Australia. This issue can be caused by many factors, that influence dramatically on decision, such as a soaring currency, restriction of visa application, etc. (Mercer, P 2011). Furthermore, students also have other option countries, which are more affordable study destination. All Australian universities are faced high competitive situation.This seems to be very concerning issue due to the fact that an education industry ea rns a massive income from international student. According to Ding, K (2012), international students bring Australia  a huge $16. 3 billion in export income in 2010-2011. RMIT University is one of high reputation universities in Melbourne. It provides 74,000 students, including 30,000 international students inshore and off shore from more than 100 countries (RMIT University, 2012). However, it has also been in the declining of international student numbers situation even numbers of student in higher education was still growing (Lane, B 2011).In 2011, the Australian Government has changed some visa application policies that would help reverse the decline in international enrollments (PIER, 2011). This may bring advantages to all universities, including RMIT University to have more international students’ enrollments. The purpose of this research is to examine various factors, which affect on decreasing in numbers of international student at RMIT University. The issue will be considered thoroughly in order to find out appropriate solution for this situation.As a result, some crucial recommendation will be given to RMIT University to address the issue of declining of international student numbers. 3. Methodology Research was created by RMIT International students in order to investigate the declining of international student numbers issue faced by RMIT University and give some crucial recommendations to address the mentioned issue. Interviewees comprised 26 overseas students, divided by gender half and half from Chinese(14), Thai(2), Taiwanese(2), Malaysian(1), Indian(2), Ethiopia, Saudi Arabian, Pakistan, UAE, and Kenyan.Most respondents were student 21 – 30 age group. This survey consisted of 11 questions. Personal information was surveyed in the beginning, regarding gender, age, and nationality. Other questions were linked to the factors that affect the problem of declining international student numbers in RMIT University. Furthermore, it can b e inferred to some solutions that address the issue effectively. In the second part of the survey, the interviewees were asked about the person who influence most to study overseas, including provide financial while they are studying.The questions focussed on internal factors that encourage international student studying at RMIT University. The next questions pointed at factors from RMIT University. The participants were asked for an opinion about the most popular education level in RMIT University for international student, also ranked a satisfaction of quality of educational system, facilities and student service at RMIT University if they were concern in these factors. The rest of the questions related to external factors, which would influence participants study at RMIT University. The respondents were asked to rank each factor influences’ to study at RMIT University.Additionally, they were requested to show other option country for studying aboard, unless they studied in Australia. The last question asked for the recommendation to attract more international student come to study at RMIT University. A copy of the interview questions appears in the appendix section of this report. 4. Findings and Outcomes Generally, to study overseas will offer international students a better education and more job opportunities. On the other hand, international students also make significant contributions to Australian society and economy. For example, they will bring different cultures to communities and enrich them.The Australian economy as well as universities will obtain benefits from the tuition fees paid by international students or other expenses. As the number of international students declined in Australia recently, RMIT University should pay attention to this issue for the sake of continuous making profits. Therefore, in this section we will analyse why the number of international students declined recently from secondary data which are collected from lite rature review and primary data which are collected from our questionnaires. The following graph shows the basic trends in international student visa pplications to Australia. Fig 4. 1 [pic] (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011) As Figure 4. 1 shows, there is a sharp increase of student visa applications from 2006 until 2008-09 because of the higher reputation of Australian education system. However, the total number followed by a significantly sudden decrease from 2008-09 until 2011. Because of the graph shows the whole trends of international student visa applications, it can be guessed that not only RMIT University experienced the decline, but also other universities such as Melbourne University or Monash University struggled.Moreover, the decline issue has not changed from the end of 2011 and still continued in 2012. The following Fig 4. 2 shows the change of volume of Enrolments and Commencements in different Australian educational sectors. As we can see the total volum e of Enrolments and Commencements in March 2012 declined by -8. 5% and -7. 2% respectively compared with the same month of last year. Especially, the Higher Education sector displays a decrease in Enrolments of 4. 0% and a 6. 0% decline in Commencements compared with 2011 figure. Fig 4. 2 pic](Source: Australian Education International 2012) What kind of reasons that contributed to this situation? According to Deloitte Access Economics (2011), the reasons include the appreciation of the Australian dollar which will increase the living cost in Australia for international students, the change of the General Skilled Migration program which made more difficult for international student to apply the permanent residency and the increased competition from other countries’ universities may also effect the number of international student visa applications.The above analysis is based on the secondary data, next we will use our own data which are concluded from questionnaires to do the further analysis. One question in the questionnaire is: How would you rank the quality of education system of RMIT University? The reason why we ask this question is the quality of education system is an important component of a university. If the quality of a university is good enough and has a higher reputation, then more international students will choose it and vice versa.The responses of this question can reflect international students’ attitudes to RMIT University. The result of this question is showing in the following Fig 4. 3. Fig 4. 3 [pic] Base: International students (26) Q: How would you rank the quality of education system of RMIT University? As we can see from Fig 4. 3, most interviewees which are 13 ranked the quality of education system of RMIT University as Medium. 7 interviewees ranked as High. However, we are very surprised that 2 interviewees ranked the quality as Low. This means they are not satisfied with the education of RMIT University.The reason they gave us why they ranked as Low is they think recent years RMIT University did not improve its education system a lot such as the courses in some programs did not change for a period of time. Combined with this question, we think one reason of declining international student numbers at RMIT University should be the quality of education system is not as good as other universities such as Melbourne University. Fig 4. 4 [pic] Base: International students (26) Q: How would you rank the quality of facilities and services of RMIT University?According to the answers of the respondent in terms of the quality of facilities and services in RMIT University (Fig 4. 4), the result looks like moderate. More than half of answerer (56%) thinks facilities and services quality can be accepted, only 4 students out of 25 who think RMIT University provide a good facility and services, while 28% respondents don’t like the facilities and services. Here, the facilities services, according to RMIT Un iversity, includes maintenance of all mechanical and essential services, mail services, cleaning services, fire and emergency services, and security system (RMIT University 2012).But in the survey, except the facilities mentioned above, the respondent also considers the teaching facilities, library facilities, sport facilities, frequency of social events, administrative services and support, online learning resources, IT support and equipment, university web site, financial support and advice of RMIT University provided. Some students complain that: â€Å"there is always a long line in the hub, in computer lab, and even the printer†, â€Å"no available group meeting room unless I booked it couple of days before†, â€Å"sometimes, I cannot login myRMIT†.Therefore, it is obvious to see that the quality of facilities and services of RMIT University is not a competitive advantage for attracting international student. Fig 4. 5 [pic] Base: International students (26) Q: How would you rank the following factors that influence you to study overseas such as at RMIT University? Knowing the factors that influence student to study overseas is significant to find the reasons of the changes of number of international students. As shown in the pie chart above (Fig 4. ), there are two main aspects that students will consider when they go to abroad for further study, that is, reputation of the university and education system quality, which occupied totally 52% of the all factors that the survey provided. After consider the university reputation and education quality, 15% international student prefer study at the country with the good currency exchange rate. In addition, tuition fee (13%) and social environment (10%) of the expected country as two important aspects will be considered before students choose the overseas university or the country.Few students take into consideration the education policy (e. g. Double degree program in short-term) and the coun try’s immigration policy (e. g. , permanent resident policy), from the survey result, these two policies have the same number of supporter (5%). In this survey question, seven factors were offered, it is clearly that reputation of university, education system quality, education policy and tuition fee refers to the university, while another three factors: immigration policy, exchange rate of currency, and social environment of that country related to the country.Regarding the survey result, compared with the concerns of the country, international students would like put more concentration on the choice of university. Besides, the survey provides an interesting choice, that is, â€Å"which country would you go to study instead of Australia? † Almost every respondent said they want go to USA and UK, and they gave similar reasons, like: â€Å"high quality of education in the world, good education facility, good education atmosphere, weakness of US dollar†. In fact, their opinion of the choice is consistence with the factors affect people study abroad discussed above.Thus, to attract more international students, the university should take more measures to improve their education quality and reputation, rather than relay on the policies of government. 5. Recommendations In the previous section, we have analysed the reasons that the number of RMIT University’s international students declined using both secondary data and primary data. In this section, we are mainly aiming to propose some recommendations for RMIT University for the sake of preventing the declining trend and continuous making profits.The last question in our questionnaire is: If you were reporting to RMIT Executive, what would you recommend RMIT University do to attract more international students? This is an open-end question and the purpose of it is to obtain interviewees’ suggestions about the improvements for RMIT University. Finally, we have concluded 6 recommend ations from all interviewees’ responses for RMIT University to address the issue of declining international student numbers. Improve Education QualityBasically, most interviewees’ first suggestion is about the education quality of RMIT University. Education quality includes many areas such as the quality of programs, courses allocation of programs, physical environment of study and the quality of lecturers. Therefore, we think RMIT University should devote some effects to improving these areas in the future. For example, some courses in the program have not been changed for a long time; RMIT University could allocate different courses for the program after a period of time.This will make the program fresh to students and follow the trend of educational development. By allocating different courses in the program regularly, the quality of program will be improved to a large extent. For the quality of lecturers, we think RMIT University should arrange some training course s for the lecturers regularly to enhance their abilities of teaching and also provide better resources and infrastructures for lecturers. This will improve the quality of lecturers in the long run. Enhance the Quality of Facilities and ServicesExcept the education quality, university’s facilities and services also play an important role in the levels of satisfaction of student experiences. To satisfy international student’s demand in terms of facilities and services, the paper would like recommend RMIT University provide more service counters in hub, and offer more computers in the lab, more group study rooms. For learning resource, more books or journals are required in the library and allowed registered student can assess more online learning resources.Furthermore, provide more writing workshop for international student. More Overseas Advertisements Our third recommendation is about the advertisement of RMIT University itself. We think RMIT University should advertis e itself more in education market especially in foreign countries such as Asian and European countries. In the advertisements, RMIT University should display its unique educational strength such as it is the only university that provides logistics program in Melbourne.Because of the globalization is becoming a trend gradually, the logistics in some Asian countries is boosting its development and demanding more good logistics graduates. As a result, more students want to go abroad to get better education in logistics, so this could be an opportunity for RMIT University to advertise itself and increase the number of international students. Moreover, we think RMIT University should also enhance its cooperation relationships with other foreign universities. For example, RMIT University could introduce more students exchange programs such as study tour and cooperation programs.Cooperation program means international student can study for a period time in his own country’s universi ty and then come to RMIT University to study another period of time to acquire the certificate. This economic way is becoming more and more popular in Asian countries because it can save much cost for students who want to study abroad compared with the way that they apply RMIT University directly. Through this way, RMIT University could also increase its international student numbers. Establish More Scholarship Programs and Reduce Tuition FeeThe next recommendation is about scholarships and tuition fees. Many interviewees mentioned RMIT University should also provide scholarships for international students instead of only providing to PR students or citizens. In fact, most American universities will provide a fairly amount of scholarship to its students regardless of their nationalities. Moreover, as the exchange rate of US Dollar is depreciated currently, more students will choose American universities for better education and scholarship. That is one reason of declining internatio nal student numbers in RMIT University.Thus, if RMIT University could also provide scholarships to international students, the number of students will increase to some extent because Australia has a better environment and society compared with America. This is a significant strength of Australia and an important reason for international student’s choice. Furthermore, tuition fee is another important aspect according to interviewees’ answers. They are not happy with the increase of tuition fee every year. Because the tuition fee is already very high for international students compared with local students.If the tuition fee increases every year, it will be a big burden for international students. According to their answers, they do not hope tuition could decrease, they just hope the tuition fee can keep stable during their study period because they think the tuition fee is an important factor to influence their choice of university. Therefore, we think if RMIT University could consider the issue of scholarship and tuition fees, it will have more chances to increase the number of international students and improve the reputation. Career or Employment SupportThe career support of a university provided is an advantage for attracting international students. Therefore, a suggestion for RMIT University is cooperate or communicate with some companies to offer some practical skill training opportunities to students, enable them obtain the practical work experience and professional skills before they get a job, thus, compared with their peer, the graduates will have more competitive advantage. Besides, RMIT University could provide job information to international students about working in Australia, such as: organise career expo.Take Care of International Student’s Wellbeing A sense of wellbeing is integral to a high-quality experience for international students and is contains accommodation, community engagement and health and safety issues (Counci l of Australian Government, 2010). International students face particular challenges and may require some specialized services to support their wellbeing, because they may be living independently and for the first time in a foreign country with an unfamiliar culture and limited English skills.Apparently, the issues of wellbeing are a responsibility of the council; however, university as an education provider and contact with international students directly, is an important channel to increase student awareness of safety and minimise safety risk by informing students. Therefore, RMIT University can provide safety information and advices to current and future international students and publicise the student personal safety guide to international student at orientation events. In terms of accommodation issues, as we known, there is no accommodation provided in RMIT University.So, for international student’s convenience and safety, RMIT University can cooperate with housing agenc y to provide housing information through school’s bulletin board and website. One survey which was held by Council of Australian Government (2010) indicates that 80 per cent of international students want more Australian students as friends. The paper suggests RMIT University should actively to promote social events, help international students engage with local students and community groups and helps them adjust to the new society and culture. . Conclusion At the end of this report, according to the above detailed analysis and recommendations suggested. In conclusion, the major reason to cause the declining issue happens to RMIT University can be divided into two sections, first one is the integral influence, because of the current international students situation in Australia is indicating an decreasing trend therefore the national factors influence the international students source of RMIT University.The second reason is the social evaluations, concerning the questionnaire survey’s result and analysis; the general evaluations for RMIT University from its international students are obtaining a medium level. Therefore, the results show that the RMIT University service provides to students which is just meet the basic level but not fully satisfied everyone, and most of investigators expect more improvements. Base on the research results, this report suggests several reasonable recommendations to help RMIT University abate current problems.The major opinions include establish more scholarship programs and reduce tuition fee, take care of international student’s wellbeing and improve the quality of education system and facilities. Because of these three suggestions are the key reasons which were reflected on questionnaires research, therefore these performance should be developed first as essential conditions to innovate the whole institution then develop the other parts as long term enhancement and future strategies.

Communication In The Classroom Essay

What is the difference between discussions you would have in a college class and a casual conversation with a friend? I think there are many differences between a college discussion and a casual conversation, I feel this way because when classmates get together they discuss the things that they learned in class. The difference in a casual friend conversation is the use of their language. When I was attending Colorado Technical school, we had to conduct group sessions via being on a telephone speaker, and I noticed that a during a college discussion the students spoke clean, clearly, and respectfully toward one another. When I was involved in discussions with my group we kept a positive attitude and never spoke to one another in a negative manner. I later noticed that when I spoke to a casual friend, the conversation was totally different, we used slang words and somethings we used foul language. So, with this said, there is a lot of difference in the communication in the classroom between fellow classmates and friends. My friends understand our language between ourselves, but, I wouldn’t try to communicate with people in the same manner, because both relationships are totally different and need to be handled in a separate manner at all  times. What are the three different ways you can demonstrate respect for your fellow classmates during discussions. When I read the information about the communication in the classroom, it brought back memories of when I was attended Colorado Technical College, we had a simular discussion concerning how we should demonstrate respect for my classmates. I learned from the reading and from my previous class, that it’s always good to think about what I am going to say first, before I raise my hand. My opinion is that we should show respect for our classmates, by giving them a chance to share their opinions, ask questions or  even answer questions. I also think raising your hand shows respect to the professor, but, in our case, we attend class online. I feel showing respect while in class can consist of such paying attention and making eye contact to a person who is speaking. I’ve noticed in my pass experiences, doing this shows the person that they have your full attention. Last, I feel that a way to demonstrate respect is to always address people with their names. Or, by their nicknames if they are okay with being addressed in that manner. It’s also respectful to address the professors, the University staff in a proper manner as well.

Why Dog Is Mans Best Friend

Why Dog is Man’s Best Friend (Bark Bark) â€Å"What’s that Lassie? † (Bark Bark) â€Å"Timmy’s in trouble? † (Bark Bark). This is the famous cry for help from the television show Lassie. The star of this show is a dog named Lassie, hence the title of the show. In this show Lassie saves many lives and shows why she is a great companion. Lassie is a symbol and icon for how amazing the dog can be. Dogs have been personified as mans’ best friend throughout many television shows over the course of the years.These shows obviously got something right because I am going to tell you why dog is mans’ best friend. Dogs are very intelligent creatures, as personified in Brian Griffin from the television show Family Guy. In this show Brian can talk, write books, and even drives a Toyota Prius. Even though this is a major exaggeration studies on dogs have shown that they are actually really smart animals. According to â€Å"Live Science† the a verage dog has been found to have the IQ of a 2 year old child.What this means is that dogs can learn on average about 165 words and gestures in their lifetime. With these capabilities dogs have taken their place in the workforce alongside of humans. A few of the smartest breeds of dogs to help in the workforce include the Border collie, Poodle, and Labrador retriever. These dogs can help the blind and deaf community walk safely from place to place, help aid in rescues on land and in water, and last but not least dogs can even perform some jobs that are beyond what the normal human being is capable of completing.One of these jobs is located within the police department. As stated on â€Å"Yahoo Voice† a dog’s sense of smell is up to one-hundred million times stronger than that of a person. With this keen sense of smell dogs are used in cracking down on drug trafficking and even hunting down wanted criminals. Many of todays’ criminals would still be out and on th e run if it weren’t for our 4-legged friends. Secondly, dog is mans’ best friend because of their extreme loyalty towards their owner.As seen in another famous television show Scooby-Doo, Shaggy and Scooby never leave each other’s side no matter what scary ghosts try to come between them. This is due to the fact found in â€Å"Yahoo Voice† stating that dogs are â€Å"pack† animals and want to stay with their leader and owner. Dogs originally got this â€Å"pack† instinct because they were domesticated from wolves which are famous for traveling in large packs. Dogs were first domesticated several thousands of years ago from the Canis Lupis, or better known as the grey wolf.A real life example of this instinct occurred in Japan with a dog named Hachiko. According to The Japan Times Hachiko would meet his owner at the train station the same time every day. When Hachiko’s owner died, he still returned to that same exact train station ever y single day for the next 9 years of his life. Human beings have the capability of being loyal but if I had to count on either a dog or a person being there for me, I would choose the dog every single time. Lastly, dogs are full of excitement and energy.Probably the most famous of relationships with dog owners and dogs would be Mickey Mouse and Pluto. Pluto is adventurous and energetic and always looking to play games and go for walks. With all of this energy it only makes logical sense to make your best friend your new workout buddy also. According to SparkPeople. com it is proven that working out with your 4-legged friend helps you stay more committed to your workout routine. Staying consistent with your workout helps you keep your stress levels down and live a healthier, longer life.These effects also apply towards your dog as they will be happier and glad to spend as much time with their owner as possible. If working out is not your thing, there is nothing wrong with a classic g ame of fetch. It is amazing how simple of a game fetch is, all you have to do is throw a ball and a dog is more than content to retrieve it for hours on end. This bonding time between man and dog is very hard to compete with. Even though these television shows depict unrealistic ideas of what dogs can do, you can see the relationship between a dog and its owner and how it is influenced through the media.Dogs may not be able to drive around in a fuel efficient Prius or ride around in the Mystery Machine looking for clues, but as you can see a dog is much more than just an everyday household pet. He is your eyes when you’re not around, your personal trainer, but most importantly the best friend you will ever have. References Brown, Jamie. December 29, 2008. â€Å"All About Dogs†. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/all-dogs-interesting-facts-trivia-about-2353687. html? cat=53 Bryner, Jeanna. August 8, 2009. â€Å"Dogs as Smart as 2 year old Kids†. Retrieved f rom http://www. livescience. com/5613-dogs-smart-2-year-kids. html

ENRON Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ENRON Case Study - Essay Example ? What is so staggering, so appalling, so outrageous is that this once $50 billion company melted to nothingness during the period November 8, 2001, when it restated its earnings retroactive to 1997, to December 2, when it filed bankruptcy (Hartgraves, 2002)†. On October 16, 2001, Enron Corporation of Houston, Texas, one of the largest corporations in the world, announced it was reducing its after-tax net income by $544 million and its shareholders equity by $1.2 billion. On November 8, it announced that, because of accounting errors, it was restating its previously reported net income for the years 1997–2000. These changes reduced its stockholders equity by $508 million. Thus, within a month, Enrons stockholders equity was lower by $1.7 billion (18% of previously reported $9.6 billion at September 30, 2001) (Hartgraves, 2002). The ability to respond to the needs of the customer by identifying them is the most important strength of Enron. Another added advantage or strength is the integrated approach that the company has got towards doing business at an international level. The company has also got extensive access to various physical assets. This acts as one of its strengths because this is expected to results in growth of earnings continuously. The manpower that Enron has got was also a major strength of the company. The staff of Enron took pride over the company and they gave out their best to improve the performance of the company. The environment of the company was felt to be very innovative and progressive by most of its employees. Also the company had a strong voice of the public i.e. a very good name among the investor group. This too can be attributed as one its strength. Apart from this, Enron was ranked as the seventh on the list of fortune 500 companies which gave the company vast fame as a credible company (Jeff Porter, 2005). â€Å"The company’s reputation and public perception were also considered to be its strengths (Jeff Porter,

Business Buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Buying - Essay Example These goods are not aimed directly at consumers and include selling finished goods: e.g. office furniture, computer systems; selling raw materials or components: e.g. steel, coal, wood; selling services to businesses: e.g. security, financial consulting, and legal services In both types of markets there is a distinction between consumers and buyers. Whereas buyers actually make the purchase, it is consumers who use the product. For e.g. if a father buys a Kia Carnival for his daughter, he is the buyer while the actual consumer is the daughter who will drive it. In B2C marketing, marketers have to consider the needs of the consumer and for what purpose will the product be used. If a man buys a Toyota Land Cruiser for his son then it will be classified as a b2c sale. However if a man buys a pickup truck for his factory use it will be a b2b sale. Industrial organisations' buying differs from that of consumers because they have additional needs, for example, the making of profits and legal obligations to their customers. Generally consumer buying is a brief process where they can be affected by situational factors like point of purchase advertising, consumer moods, promotional offers etc. Their sources of information are limited often including commercial factors (car ads on TV, television, internet etc) or reference groups. Buying behavior is largely determined by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. Consumers can make routine purchases, complex purchases (high involvement products) or simply indulge in impulse buying. Purchasing a car would typically be a high involvement purchase which will be made after much deliberation. Characteristics of B2B markets Business markets contain relatively few buying units as compared to consumer markets. B2b market is even more limited because most companies sell to only a small segment of the total market. Despite this, buying power in many business markets is highly concentrated in a relatively few firms. Not every business will have the buying power to purchase eighteen wheeler trucks. Purchasing power is usually estimated using an activity indicator of buying. There is also a substantial regional concentration in many major industries and among business users as a whole. Businesses start with the evaluation of market size attractiveness which takes into consideration some macro- and micro-economic variables along with some firm related variables; and the second stage is based on the evaluation of a market's structural attractiveness which takes into consideration some cost, structural compatibility, government policy variables etc. Buying behavior can be influenced by the economic environment, e nvironmental factors, organisational factors, interpersonal factors and characteristics of the individual. Buying is less frequent in industrial markets and includes three types of buying situations: New task buying: first time purchase of a major product (buying a heavy duty Volvo truck for the first time) Straight rebuy:

UK Crime Rate Indicators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UK Crime Rate Indicators - Essay Example The current paper will look into these issues and finally draw conclusions with certain issues that should be incorporated to improve their quality and acceptance. The United Kingdom offers an open society where people of different ethnic origins and nationalities are living together and are contributing to the overall country's economic and social setup. The society itself including the government aims to provide an environment where conformity and balance among cultural and social values can be achieved. However, with economic and social challenges arising disparities and evil emerges. This is important to understand as the crimes in the country are soaring and the authorities attempt to tackle the staggering crime levels. The current paper will discuss the current crime situation in the country as presented by Home Office in its yearly statistical bulletin. The yearly bulletin derives its data and subsequent analysis from two resources that include firstly, reporting from police stations across the country and secondly from British Crime Survey. ... The current paper will look into these issues and finally draw conclusions with certain issues that should be incorporated to improve their quality and acceptance. The crime levels in the United Kingdom are considered to be at higher level as compared to other countries including United States, Australia, Middle East and few other European countries. The UK is listed among Ireland, Estonia, Denmark and Netherland which have crime victim rates at 30% higher than the European average. The survey carried out by Gallup Europe for UN crime prevention agency has marked the capital city of London as the "crime capital of Europe" with 32% of the resident admitting that they have been victim of 10 categories of offences ranging from assault to sexual harassment. Furthermore, the U.K. is estimated to have the highest burglary rate, hate crimes and risk of thefts from car compared to European counterparts (Guardian, 2007). But all this is presented differently by the government of the U.K and claims are made through its Crime Statistical Bulletin that crimes in the U.K. are reducing. Crime Statistical Bulletin is published every year which incorporates st atistics and analysis of crimes under different defined categories. Through this report the U.K.'s Home Office attempts to measure and analyse crime statistics in view of estimating crime trends and reviewing its achievement in lieu of crime reduction and its impact on the individuals and society as all. The bulletin draws its statistics from two resources which include reporting from police records and an independent British Crime Survey (Home Office, 2008). The police records consist of figures collected and reported by regional police stations. These consolidated records on monthly

California public policy on Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

California public policy on Abortion - Essay Example This issue is fascinating and imperative because it touches on moral, ethical, religious and legal issues of the subject person. For instance, although the law my define abortion as legal and within woman’s right, some religions would not approve it as well as different ethical issues interconnected on the same. It is interesting because whichever the perspective one looks at it or argues the case, there seems not to be a consensus since all facts of every aspect of it turns out to be accurate. Nevertheless, the application of utilitarianism theory can be argued to have played a critical part in the development of the abortion law in California since the law still remains controversial with some people not agreeable to it (Riley 2). With the current trend on the issue, it is apparent that the law can only be amended to give room for restrictions or the basis under which abortion can be allowed. This is arguably true because, according to public policy institute of California (Para 3), current survey indicate that they are still in favour of the law and actually want the Supreme Court not to interfere with the

Social inclusion policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social inclusion policy - Essay Example Immigration policies, while developed at the EU or national level, impact social and economic matters at the community level. In May 2003, the EU addressed this issue at the Thessaloniki summit and in June of that year at the Commission’s Communication on Integration (Spencer, 2004). Four years earlier, the EU had proposed the establishment of an ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ that would be in place by May of 2004. Known as the ‘Tampere Programme,’ this plan was designed to initiate the Common European Asylum System. In November 2004, the ‘Hague Programme’ was agreed to by the EU in order to strengthen the Tampere strategy. This programme outlined wide-ranging goals that extended to 2009. The UK, according to provisions of the EU Treaty, is not required to accept EU directives regarding immigration and asylum. Generally speaking, the UK has rejected all proposals concerning illegal immigration but has accepted the majority of EU directives concerning legal immigration (Local Government International Bureau, 2005). According to Dick Oosting who heads the EU division of Amnesty International, the attacks by terrorists in the United States on 11 September, 2001 were among the reasons that the EU began to alter its priorities towards support for security issues and away from human rights concerns with regard to immigration. Oosting remarked, â€Å"Amnesty has felt this concern since the EU’s individual states began merging some of their immigration policies in 1999† (Lobjakas, 2004). People, even those who are citizens of the EU’s 15 member states, have had to deal with immigration barriers such as the lack of legal qualifications, language difficulties and a growing public resentment. Those persons from countries outside the EU are more likely to encounter additional hardships in these areas and are in need

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Case Study - Essay Example This would drastically reduce fatigue levels among employees and effectively reducing stress levels. Good pay to ensure that compensation within the eight hour day, should be put in place to eliminate the need to work overtime. Proper training practices ought to be employed to properly prepare employee beginning work in the company. Motivational incentives such as rewards for most commitments would effectively motivate workers within the allowable HR practices. Development of human resource systems and policies would be an ideal move by the company. A company as big and significant as FoxConn ought to have a functional legal department. Drafting such systems and procedures would go a long way in ensuring the benefits of workers were well catered for (Gilmore, 2009). In the case that the company is unable to manage its human resource by itself, human resource service providers should be sought. External human resource service providers assist with the implementation and administration of HR practices (Gilmore, 2009). Such a company should also provide control and auditing services to ensure that human resource practices are adhered

Fashion at the Royal Wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion at the Royal Wedding - Essay Example This essay follows the magnificent events of the Royal Wedding day, that occured in London, United Kingdom on 29th of April, 2011. As the world watched the most awaited day of 2011, the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton filled the screens not only of television sets around the world but of computers as well. This essay suggests that the romance that filled the air could be the top reason for billions of people to have taken a break, to witness and share the joy of witnessing a modern fairytale come alive. But it is also undeniable that among the top reasons of watching the wedding was to have a look at the unveiling of the wedding gown and dress of the bride. Interestingly, it was not only the bride’s ensemble that proved to have been anticipated during the day but reviews of the affair show that the royal fashion has been expected to be a sight awaited not only by fashion designers and experts but by the general public as well. Talk about the brideâ€⠄¢s gown was all over social networking sites like ‘facebook’ and ‘twitter’ as well as news reports around the world through air and paper. This essay also focuses on description and analysis of the dresses of Queen Elizabeth, Prince William, bride's maids and other honourable guests fashion appereances, such as Queen Sofia of Spain and princess Letizia. In conclusion of the essay, the researcher describes his opinion that as for the men on the ceremony, not much fuss the mass-media gave to their garbs as compared to those of the women’s.... s’ dress were similarly designed to that of the bride’s in accordance to tradition, made from the same fabric but sewn by another designer, Nicki Macfarlane (omg.yahoo). Both dresses worn by the sisters was the handy works of Sarah Burton, a 36 year old fashion designer from Manchester who worked alongside the famous fashion designer and owner of the company named after him, Alexander McQueen. She has proven to have the potentials of a creative modern fashion designer first by being appointed the head of women’s wear of McQueen, a pretty flattering position for a person who worked for a world renowned fashion designer for only four years. After the legend’s death in February of last year, Burton succeeded her patron as the creative director of McQueen (White). Creating the wedding gown of the newest member of the royal family, Burton now faces a greater responsibility and challenge as the most famous fashion designer of this age. The royal fashion is not g oing to be complete without looking at the queen whose fashion designer is a close confidant, Angela Kelly who made a bright yellow outfit for Queen Elizabeth. Her dress was simple, matched with a yellow hat and accessorized with the Queen Mary’s lover’s knot brooch. Speaking of hats, the guests displayed a variety of them so that the hats made quite a buzz. Probably the most disdained headdress was that worn by princess Beatrice who looked like she had an octopus on her head. It was a Philip Treacy hat, the same designer of her sister’s hat as well as that of Victoria Beckham’s and the Duchess of Cornwall, Camilla’s without the outrageous reactions. Princess Eugenie received an identically negative comment about her attire which was not impressive at all with her blue seemingly disheveled dress and

Personal Responses to the Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Responses to the Essays - Essay Example The walk, it turned out, provided the essence and meaning of her entire stay in Japan – yet ironically, nothing was uttered or said during that brief (she could not even remember how many minutes) togetherness with a stranger under one umbrella, with the raindrops and the sound of their footsteps hitting the pavement providing the only effects in addition to the silence. The author concludes her narrative with a breath under suspension after the stranger disappeared instantly without a word leaving her in a state of â€Å"mysterious shock.† Shields is her usual self in finding the humanity in every aspect or event or place or circumstance where she ascribes meaning to even the most ordinary thing or activity such as sharing an umbrella with a complete stranger. One cannot resist admiring Shield’s masterful play of words and emotions as she moves from her treatment of ordinary, drab, inconsequential events and transforms them into meaningful â€Å"encounters.â₠¬  I am completely taken by her figures of speech: â€Å"†¦invaded me like a kind of flu†¦ a temporary vacuum that had nothing to do with Japan†¦ hypnotic walking†¦walking towards the unimaginable.† I photo-played the ordinariness of her stay in Japan based on her description and I could sense her dryness, or maybe the dryness of the event she was describing and felt her remorse as if I was there. It was as if she took me by the hand when she shifted to a colorful and rich description of that brief â€Å"rain walk.† I could even see or feel as being the towering stranger holding up the umbrella for a woman and walking almost gingerly with somebody he does not know from Adam. I could see myself as the stranger quickly disappearing from the woman’s view as soon as we hit the sidewalk of the designated hotel, at the same time experiencing the agony and perplexity of Shields after being left without any word, or cue whatsoever. It was Shields wi elding her power and ability to put the reader in a similar state of suspension. Essay 2: â€Å"Goodbye Muse, Hello Prada† by Goran Simic (Harsent 84)

Ratan Tata Profile Essay Example for Free

Ratan Tata Profile Essay Also known as: Indias most eligible bachelor, even at 75. Theatre of Operations: IT, Communications, Engineering, Materials, Chemicals, Services, Consumer Products, Energy all with global footprints Started his career with: Tata Steel, on the shop floor Favorite Allies: His German Shepherds Famous Quote: I dont believe in taking right decisions. I take decisions and then make them right Thorn in his side: His connection with the 2G spectrum scam If he werent leading a $71 billion conglomerate, hed be: Flying planes Family: Brother Jimmy, half-brother Noel and three half-sisters Latest project: Pouring $15 million into a project researching water as fuel Exit Strategy: Cyrus Pallonji Mistry will take charge from December 2012 Ratan Naval Tata, KBE (born 28 December 1937), is an Indian businessman who became chairman of the Tata Group (1991–2012), a Mumbai-based conglomerate. He is a member of a prominent Tata family of Indian industrialists and philanthropists. Early life Tata is the adoptive great-grandson of Tata group founder Jamshedji Tata. His father, Naval Tata, had been adopted from the family of a distant relative by Jamshedjis childless younger son, also named Ratan Tata, and his wife Navajbai. Tatas parents (Naval and his first wife Sooni) separated in the mid-1940s, when Ratan was seven and his younger brother Jimmy was five years old. Both he and his brother were raised by their grandmother Lady Navajbai. Many years later, Naval Tata took a second wife, Simone, and fathered another son, Noel Tata. Tata began his schooling in Bombay at Campion School, Bishop Cotton School, Shimla and finished at Cathedral and John Connon School. He completed his B.S. in architecture with structural engineering from Cornell University in 1962, and the Advanced Management Program from Harvard Business School in 1975. He is a member of the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity. Career Tata began his career in the Tata group in 1962; he initially worked on the shop floor of Tata Steel, shovelling limestone and handling the blast furnace. In 1991, JRD Tata stepped down as Tata Industries chairman, naming Ratan as his successor. He was heavily criticized for lacking experience in running a company of the scale of Tata Industries. In 1991 he was appointed as the chairman of the Tata group. Under his stewardship, Tata Tea acquired Tetley, Tata motors acquired Jaguar Land Rover and Tata Steel acquired Corus, which have turned Tata from a largely India-centric company into a global business, with 65% revenues coming from abroad. He also pushed the development of Indica and the Nano. Ratan Tata retired from all executive responsibility in the Tata group in December 28th 2012 which is also his 75th birthday and he is succeeded by Cyrus Mistry, the 44-year-old son of Pallonji Mistry and managing director of Shapoorji Pallonji Group. He is currently the chairman emeritus of Tata Sons, Tata Motors and Tata Steel. He is also the chairman of the main two Tata trusts Sir Dorabji Tata and Allied Trusts and Sir Ratan Tata Trust which together hold 66% of shares in the group holding company Tata Sons. Ratan Tata has served in various capacities in organizations in India and abroad. He is a member of the Prime Ministers Council on Trade and Industry. Tata is on the board of governors of the East-West Center, the  advisory board of RANDs Center for Asia Pacific Policy and serves on the program board of the Bill Melinda Gates Foundations India AIDS initiative. Honors and awards Ratan Tatas foreign affiliations include membership of the international advisory boards of the Mitsubishi Corporation, the American International Group, JP Morgan Chase and Booz Allen Hamilton. He is also a member of the board of trustees of the RAND Corporation, University of Southern California and Cornell University. He also serves as a board member on the Republic of South Africas International Investment Council and is a member of the Asia-Pacific advisory committee for the New York Stock Exchange. He received the Padma Bhushan in 2000 and Padma Vibhushan in 2008 and Lifetime Achievement Award awarded by Rockefeller Foundation in 2012. In 2009, Tata was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (K.B.E.). [pic] The Tata group comprises over 100 operating companies in seven business sectors: communications and information technology, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. The group has operations in more than 80 countries across six continents, and its companies export products and services to 85 countries. The total revenue of Tata companies, taken together, was $100.09 billion (around Rs475,721 crore) in 2011-12, with 58 percent of this coming from business outside India. Tata companies employ over 450,000 people worldwide. The Tata name has been respected in India for more than 140 years for its adherence to strong values and business ethics. Every Tata company or enterprise operates independently. Each of these companies has its own board of directors and shareholders, to whom it is answerable. There are 32 publicly listed Tata enterprises and they have a combined market capitalisation of about $88.76 billion (as on December 27, 2012), and a shareholder base of 3.8 million. The major Tata companies are Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan, Tata Communications and Indian Hotels. Tata Steel is among the top ten steelmakers, and Tata Motors is among the top five commercial vehicle manufacturers, in the world. TCS is a leading global software company, with delivery centres in the US, UK, Hungary, Brazil, Uruguay and China, besides India. Tata Global Beverages is the second-largest player in tea in the world. Tata Chemicals is the world’s second-largest manufacturer of soda ash and Tata Communications is one of the world’s largest wholesale voice carriers. Going forward, Tata is focusing on new technologies and innovation to drive its business in India and internationally. The Nano car is one example, as is the Eka supercomputer (developed by another Tata company), which in 2008 was ranked the world’s fourth fastest. Anchored in India and wedded to traditional values and strong ethics, Tata companies are building multinational businesses that will achieve growth through excellence and innovation, while balancing the interests of shareholders, employees and civil society.

Strategic Marketing Management Of Marks And Spencer Marketing Essay

Strategic Marketing Management Of Marks And Spencer Marketing Essay By the end of the 1990s, the UK retailer Marks and Spencer experienced dramatic falls in profits and declining share price. From May 2000, the business turned around. For the year ended March 29. 2008, Marks and Spencer reported revenues of  £9,002 million. Inmarch 2000, Tibbett and Britten started in UK central warehousing operating a new contract covering of wines, beers and spirits. (Seth and Randall, 2001) Marketing strategy is the process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase improving the companys performance.The Chartered Institute of Marketing has defined Marketing as the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably. Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of goods, ideas and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. (Lancaster and Raynolds 2002) The overall purpose of marketing planning and its principal focus is the identification and creation of sustainable competitive advantage. In principles various types of step come in under in it like concept, mission and vision of a company, sequencing and scheduling of activities, time scaling, monitoring and control, systematic approach and resource requirement. Porters Generic Strategies According to Porter, organizations at the business level may pursue overall cost leadership and focus or differentiation strategy. (Griffin, 2008) Overall cost leadership A strategy in which an organisation tries to get a competitive advantage by decreasing its price as compare the cost of their competing firms called overall cost leadership. Timex uses anoverall cost leadership strategy. By keeping low costs, an organisation is able to buy their product at low price and still getting profit. In simple words, there is less differentiation in their products and the prices are very competitive.This means that these businesses offer standardised products to a market with relatively similar product needs by the customers and less differentiation wanted. Focus strategy A strategy in which an organisation concentrates on a specific regional market, product line, or group of buyers. This strategy may have either a differentiation focus, or overall cost leadership. The idea of the focus strategy is to pick one segment of all of the available ones and identify their needs, wants and demands and cater to them specifically.While adopting a broad focus scope, the principal is the same the firm must discover needs and wants of the crowd customers.A focus strategy should target market segments that are less weak to substitute where a competition is weakest to. Differentiation Strategy A strategy in which an organisation through their quality of services and products pursue to differentiate itself from competitor. In this new creations and innovations occurs that make a product or service unique. These creations may be in design, brand image, technology, features or customer services.To put it in another way, if your products or services are different from those offered in the market by other competitors. Limitations of generic strategic strategy There are some limitations of generic strategy. Thereis lack of specification and flexibilities. Generally the value of timing strategy depends on resources and capabilities of the organisation. The actual strategies depend on time and position, suggesting a matrix view of Porters generic strategies and the typical timing strategies. Advantages of generic strategic strategy The main advantages of it market is obtaining market share and enhance ones reputation as being the leader. There is no guarantee that lead can be maintained. The another one is that cost is low and the quality is good. P 4 Changes in marketing environment Today fashion is ultimately about change. Every season there is new fashion and many of these changes by designers to satisfy customers, but others are because of influences beyond the control of designers and when all these are gathered together called marketing environment. There are many reasons for marketing environment like changes in supply and demand environment, rising expectation, technological change, competition, globalization, erosion of brands, micro market etc. (Easey, 2009) Competition Competition can be dealt very cleverly and easily. Whenever a new entrant comes in the market, offer competitive rates and give offers to customers. Globalization Todays marketing environment is influenced by global market. To meet the environment challenges, a company must be recognize and understand the culture, life style trends, national trends and so many other things that is beneficial for marketing changes. Due to globalization and technological changes there are some changes occurs in Marks and spencer within time to time as every organisation has to adopted some changes if its wants to grow in this fast development world. Technological change Various types of technological changes are the reasons of changes in marketing environment. The lively capabilities framework analyzes the sources and methods of wealth creation and detain by private venture firms operating in environments of rapid technological change. Of all new technologies create a great impact on marketing environment.Now every business cannot afford to keep their machinery and computers updated all the time considering how fast new models and new technology is coming in todays age. P 5 IMPLICATIONS E MARKET STRATEGY E market strategys importance are indicated by Michael porter the key question is not whether to deploy internet technology companies have no choice if they want to stay competitive but how to deploy it. It depends on the circumstances that at but extant e market strategy will be successful. It depends on the character of the product and services and behavior of buyers. Extended market mix depends on 7 ps. (2001) these are product, price, place promotion, people, process and physical evidence. But in e market there are some other steps: Personalization Privacy Customer service Community Site Security Sales promotion We can see that e marketing implies new scope to be measured sideways of those innate from the conventional marketing. These scopes rotate around the concept of relational functions and they are must to be incorporated in any e marketing strategy in order to be capable and convey results. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT A new product can be a product or a service.New products often glow with such promise, and their forecasts ring with such authentic precision, that entire business strategies defining an organizations future are built upon them (Thomas, 1993, p. 3) There are two corresponding pathway concerned in the NPD procedure: one engages the idea generation,  product plan  and detail manufacturing; the other involves market investigate and  marketing testing. Product development is a broad field of endeavor dealing with the design, creation and marketing of new products. New product development, is referred as the discipline is focused on developing systematic methods for guiding all the processes involved in getting a new product to market. It can be the next revolutionary computer chip or a new holidays package. The point is the idea of new product development is always risky. It means turning an idea into a new product, once you have decided to go ahead with it. It covers, Technical obsolescence is on high In the same market increased number of competitions. Reducing the risk as early as possible. Setting a space, a price and a schedule. Running the project team and keeping costs under control. New product development is six steps process. These are: Idea generation Screening and evaluation Business analysis Development Testing Commercialization New product ideas transience is habitually high. Organizations need to produce a satisfactory flow of them to attain their enlargement objectives. P6 Functional areas Functional areas of management mean the sum of total of all activities which are performed in an organization to achieve the objectives of the oganisation. No doubt those strategies are important in any organization. But there are some other parts which are very important to run an organization.There are some functional areas which contribute a lot to the achievement of an organizations marketing objectives. (Frank and dark, 2009)These are here- Sales department The sales department has a central role in publishing companies. It is well worth taking time to understand how it works. This is the subdivision which will have a vital effect on the sales of your book. Their participation and support are key to its success. The large publishing groups work rather another way from smaller firms. Finance department Procurement services manager, departmental administrator, procurement services division, payments and income division, Accounting information systems division, payroll and pensions division.In finance department there are different parts like head of finance, Assistant head of finance and deputy head of finance. These play a crucial role in any organization. As financial should be very strong of any organization. CONCLUSION Strategic marketing has a huge range of activities that is covering various types of things. It is a method of planning, implementing and evaluating business organisation as an effective and pre-planned manner. There are different types of tools and techniques for a business and various types of method that is using by different organization time to time. We should have a perfect strategic marketing management plan for every business and through this we can monitor our business activity, sales, customer satisfaction. Marketing objects should be clear and measurable. To attain the specific goals we should have a good strategic marketing management plan to be implemented, so that we can get success.

The Evolution Of Basic Flight Instruments History Essay

The Evolution Of Basic Flight Instruments History Essay In the pioneering days of aviation, flight was restricted to times of good visibility and good weather. In early flight operations, the pilot maintained visual contact with the ground below him at all times and used it as a reference point for executing all maneuvers. The design of most early aircraft positioned the pilot in the front of the aircraft affording him a high degree of visibility. Currently, there was little thought regarding cockpit design, and the pilot was just seated on the aircraft in a completely open fashion. This open design allowed the pilot to receive full sensory input from the chill of the blowing wind, the exhaust of the turning engine, and even the vibration through the seat of his pants (Siberry, 1974). He was in an ideal position to make use of his only flight instrumenthis body. These perceived sensory inputs superimposed on the visual backdrop of the earth combined to form the early pilots mental model of reality. Two broad cognitive principles that nega tively affected the pilots mental model require definition at this point. Spatial disorientation (SD) and Loss of Situational Awareness (LSA) are both difficult concepts to define. Both involve a degraded awareness of reality resulting from the mismatch between the pilots mental model and the visual backdrop used to create his perception of the environment. Unfortunately for the pilot SD and a LSA can result in the generation of misinterpretation and faulty prediction about his current situation often resulting in disastrous flight control inputs (Boers, 1996/97). SD is the faulty perception of position, direction of travel, or speed relative to the ground. LSA is closely related to SD, but deals with the pilots more specific confusion over his actual geographic location at a specific point in time (Mortimer, 1995). Now that the cognitive principles of SD and LSA have been defined, let me return to the discussion of the pilots use of his body as an exclusive sensor for environmental inputs, and the inherent limitations of this practice. Under visual flight rules (VFR) conditions, the early aviator was able to extract enough input from his senses to adequately pilot the aircraft. However, during continued experimentation with flight, poor visibility and poor weather conditions often were encountered. Pilots were robbed of their conventional sensory inputs under these conditions and many aircraft accidents resulted. Reliance on visual, vestibular, and seat of the pants acuity to control the aircraft was a major weakness and it prompted flight instrument development. Equipment designed to display aircraft heading, speed, and altitude information quickly evolved to counter mans sensory vulnerabilities. INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS Heading The compass was one of the first flight instruments used by early aviators (Allstar, 1995/00). Aviators quickly took advantage of the magnetic compass to overcome their past reliance on visual cues for establishing a heading. Compasses in use today are of two basic types, magnet, and gyro-magnetic (USCGA, 00). Both types can trace their ancestry back two thousands year to Chinese magicians. By accident, these magicians had discovered the properties of magnetism while playing a board game similar to chess. Unknowingly they had constructed their game pieces from metal containing lodestone, a natural magnetic ore. When they started their game by dropping the pieces on to the board, they noticed that they would spin and align themselves in the same direction every time. Quickly realizing the potential of their discovery, the magicians employed the magnetic properties of the lodestone to develop a liquid filled compass similar to the ones in use today (A History of the Compass). Advanceme nts in steel casting methods a thousand years later made permanent magnets possible by enabling compass needles to stay magnetized making the compass more practical and reliable. Early pilots simply made use of borrowed land and sea navigational compasses in their cockpits. However, liquid filled compasses were not perfect instruments. Steep turning and diving maneuvers caused the compass to present inaccurate heading information. In addition, metallic objects in the aircraft created magnetic interference that could corrupt the compass heading display. Some pilots made use of small magnets of opposite polarity positioned near the compass to counteract this harmful interference. Another solution for overcoming the interference was provided by the compass correction card, and it is still in use today (Gum and Walters, 1982). The card displayed magnetic headings from zero to 330 degrees, at 30-degree intervals. Underneath the magnetic heading readings were the appropriate corrected ste ering headings that compensated for the magnetic interference. Although the compensations were only minor, the pilot needed to ensure they were made as they could result in a LSA, as the magnitude of error would increase with the distance traveled. In addition, pilots occasionally failed to compensate for geographic differences in magnetic variation and this caused further cases of LSA. Fortunately, compass accuracy and stability took a leap forward on September 24, 1929, when Lt. James Doolittle performed a successful test flight of a directional gyro manufactured by the Sperry Company (Allensworth, 2000). Gyrocompasses combined the gyroscopic phenomenon that keeps a rapidly spinning wheel stable in space, and the property of magnetic polar attraction to overcome the limitations of the purely magnetic compass. Pilot alignment and compensation input requirements, that could be subject to human error, were required less often for the gyrocompass and this positively impacted flight safety. Today, the development of laser and other technologies have led to refinements in the basic gyrocompass enhancing its performance. Despite these advancements, a heading instrument of any type is a valuable tool for preventing pilot LSA. However for it to be effective its limitations must be known and observed. More importantly, to be effective it must be used. The collision between a Korean Air Line (KAL) DC-10, and a Piper PA-31 on a foggy runway in Alaska highlights this point. Lacking SA the KAL pilot continued to taxi to what he believed was runway 32, and began his takeoff roll. Sadly, the DC-10 pi lot had been fooled by his sense of direction, and struck a Piper aircraft holding for take off on runway 6L/24R. If the KAL pilot had only compensated for his lack of visual perception by confirming his runway heading with a compass (NTSB 1983) the accident could have been avoided. Obviously the compass has proven to be a vital resource for pilots and the development of speed measuring instruments would prove to be just as significant. Speed Knowing exactly how fast you are traveling is important for many reasons. Most importantly, the passage of air over the wings of the aircraft generates lift, and to remain airborne the pilot needed to maintain a minimum speed, or the aircraft would stall, ceasing to create lift. Additionally, you need the ability to measure speed, to make use of the navigational technique known as dead reckoning (DR). DR could greatly increase pilot SA by providing him a reliable indication of his location based on his rate of travel in conjunction with the passage of time and heading information. Unfortunately, the human body is poorly equipped for this task. Using his vestibular sense, the pilot had a rough feel for changes in speed due to acceleration and deceleration. Visual acuity also afforded him a limited sense of speed based on his perceived rate of closure with distant objects. However, poor weather, darkness, and visual illusion further degraded both these senses. A speed-indicating instru ment immune to all these factors was required to improve pilot SA and make DR navigation a reality. Early airspeed indicators were of two types mechanical and differential. Some mechanical devices were very simple producing only limited information, much like the mechanical stall warning indicators in use today on small private aircraft. Other mechanical airspeed indicators grew to be quite elaborate and their evolution started on a beach in North Carolina. Orville Wright held in his hand a mechanical anemometer on the first heavier than air flight. As Orville flew, Wilbur recorded his flight time with a stopwatch (Hunt and Stearns, 1923). Using the distance measurement from the anemometer, and the elapsed time from the stopwatch, they were able to calculate their speed. Strapping the anemometer to the wing of the aircraft further refined this speed measurement technique. Rubber tubing was then used to connect the anemometer to an indicator in the cockpit known as an air log. Variable suction was produced based on the anemometers speed of rotation. The resulting suction deflected the needle inside the air log to produce a reading. Unfortunately, the reading it produced was not airspeed. Separate elapsed time measurements still had to taken and combined with the air log reading to calculate air speed. Airspeed would not be readily calculated until new equipment using a commutator-condenser was devised. The new equipment employed a commutator-condenser unit that worked similar to an electrical motor, only in reverse. By connecting it to a spinning anemometer, varying levels of current were produced that could be displayed on an ammeter. Improvements to this technology was made by incorporating a timing signal with the electrical output to produce a true measurement of air speed (Beij, 1933). In fact, this measurement was still not a true measure of air speed but a measure of indicated airspeed. To measure true air speed, accurate compensations for altitude and temperature needed to be made, and differential speed measurement instruments would be better suited to this task. Worldwide experimentation with measurement instruments that collected air pressure to determine airspeed had begun. The most common system designs used funnel like collectors known as pitot tubes positioned facing forward on the aircrafts wing to collect the maximum amount of air possible. Care was taken to ensure the pitot tubes were placed away from any propeller generated air stream disturbances that might corrupt their air collection. An additional air collection device named a venturi was positioned perpendicular to the forward flow of air to capture the ambient or static air pressure (Hunt and Stearns, 1923). Both of the separate pressure inputs were routed via metal tubing to an indicator gauge that subtracted the static pressure from the pitot pressure to produce a dynamic pressure (Siberry, pg. 49). The resultant dynamic pressure inside the gauge actuated levers, and wheels to drive an indicator needle. A measurement scale was drawn on the face of the indicator and the speed of travel could be found by reading the needles position against the scale. These systems were known as differential for their subtraction of the static and dynamic pressures. Furthermore, they proved to be a great improvement over early anemometer based measurement instruments because of their flexibility. Eventually, scales were devised that allowed the pilot to calculate appropriate altitude and temperature offsets to produce true airspeed readings (TAS) (Hunt and Stearns, 1923). Once the offset was found it could be dialed in to airspeed indicator to display TAS. Certainly the airspeed indicator has greatly improved the pilots ability to navigate at night and during periods of poor visibility by making use of DR. Nonetheless; one should not become complacent to the measurements they provide. Today with the advent of integrated systems that arbitrarily use airspeed data provided to them to calculate flight control inputs, it is even more important for the pilot to challenge instrument readings that fall outside expected limits. Undoubtedly the airspeed indicator provides vital information to pilots about the aircrafts ability to maintain lift and has had a dramatic impact on flight safety. Moreover, the airspeed indicator has proven to be a valuable tool in the prevention of pilot SD. Its ability to detect increases in airspeed is far superior to that of any pilot relying on perception alone. Today, precision flight instruments are a reality, and yet pilots still suffer from SD, primarily from their inability to use them. Being without flight instruments and being unable to use them are one in the same. Therefore, the importance of past instrument development can be inferred from a recent study. The study involved accidents from 1987-1996 that implicated spatial disorientation as their cause, and it revealed that 90 percent of them resulted in fatalities. As a rule, these accidents involved non instrument-rated pilots caught in instrument meteorological conditions that became disorientated and lost control of their aircraft. This loss of control resulted from their inability to use their flight instruments and over come their LSA (Air Safety Foundation, 1999). Without doubt, heading and airspeed instruments combined with adequate training to use them are critical to pilot safety and the prevention of LSA. To further safeguard pilots from LSA, instruments that could accurately indicate altitude were required. Altitude The early pilots only tools for estimating his height above the ground was his eyes. He made use of the eyes ability to detect changes in the size of objects as he flew to estimate his altitude (Hawkins, 1987). In addition, the eyes capability for detecting subtle changes in the texture of the landscape below provided him with altitude clues, also the eyes inherent binocular nature afforded him a certain degree of depth perception. Unfortunately, for these techniques to be remotely accurate perfect weather conditions and daylight were needed. Flying in the darkness and relying on bonfires, and beacons for navigational cues was a difficult task. Subsequently, focusing on the distant flickering lights against a black background could result in vertigo and cause LSA (Haines, 1992). An altitude indicator, resistant to mans sensory flaws was required to further combat pilot LSA. Like the compass, altitude-measuring equipment were also used in a variety of fields before the first heavier-t han-air flight. Subsequently, the first altitude-measuring instruments used by aviators were adaptations of the aneroid barometer used by meteorologists. These early altitude indicators were of two types barograph, and altimeter (Hersey, 1923). The barograph was a precise instrument that contained a gradually rotating cylinder with paper on it. Changes in atmospheric pressure would force a pen attached to the aneroid to move up and down in relation to the pressure changes. The changes in pressure would then be recorded by the pen throughout the flight (Williams, 1999). It is no surprise that the barograph did not catch on as a permanent flight instrument and was primarily used to test and calibrate more practical altitude indicators like the altimeter. Early altimeter were nothing more than a modified aneroid barometer, displaying altitude rather than air pressure. Following in the footsteps of pioneering balloonists aviators simply changed the scale on the barometer from a measure of pressure to a measure of height above the ground, subsequently giving birth to the first aviation altimeters in the process. Bimetallic strips were incorporated inside the sealed unit of the altimeter to compensate for changes in temperature that could cause inaccurate readings. Later the simple dial and needle style altimeters grew more complex. Some made use of movable dials to compensate for daily variations in atmospheric pressure, and others allowed the pilot to input a pressure compensation factor (Mears, 1923). However, the overall indicator design changed very little-a simple rotating needle from zero to the maximum operating altitude of the aircraft, or the current theoretical safe maximum altitude. The pilot now had a tool that could be used in any weather and at any time of day accurately to indicate his altitude. For example, the altimeter in conjunction with navigational charts dramatically improved the pilots SA by making him ware of potential collision hazards. As aircraft engines became more powerful, and airframe construction materials improved, high altitude flights became more frequent. The single needle display of the altimeter evolved to one that used three pointers to better cope with the range of higher altitudes. The longest of three pointers indicated hundreds of feet, the medium one indicated thousands of feet, and the smallest one indicated tens of thousands of feet (Siberry, pg. 60). The new device was intended to improve pilot SA by making it easier for him to read a broader range of altitudes and readily identify possible hypoxic environments. Despite the good intentions of its designers, the three-pointer altimeter became a liability. The mingled hands of the indicator was difficult to decipher, and in environments that would not allow the pilots eye to linger over any one instrument for too long, mistakes were made. A P-47 pilots testimony from a combat mission dramatically emphasizes this point. I was flying at 25,000 feet on my first combat mission, but had mistakenly read the hands on my altimeter and was under the impression that I was at 35,000 feet. I called in some unidentified aircraft which were level with our formation and, consequentially, actually at 25,000 feet. Since I mistakenly reported them at 35,000 feet, they were believed to be enemy aircraft à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a good deal of confusion resulted. I believe some improvements could be made in our present altimeter (Sinaiko, 1961). His words proved to be very profound. However, the three-pointer and other altimeters relying on multiple pointers were in use for over 50 years before safer ones that incorporated drums or digital displays numerically to represent the altitude replaced them. Altitude indicators have proven to be a useful addition to the pilots arsenal in his battle with SD and LSA. Nonetheless, the altimeter was not a cure-all for overcoming mans sensory deficiencies. Just like the early compass, and airspeed indicators the re sulting benefits of the altimeter must be contemplated. CONCLUSION Without doubt, the evolution of basic heading, speed, and altitude indicating instruments has had a positive impact on pilot SD and LSA. Even today, this group of three instruments is of great importance for conducting safe flight operations under VFR conditions, and subsequently is the legal minimum requirement established by the Federal Aviation Administrations for private aircraft. At times, pilots have become complacent by placing total faith in their instruments, and have flagrantly refused to believe their own sensory inputs telling them that their equipment has failed. In addition, poor design has hindered the pilots ability to maximize their benefits. Although these occurrences are rare, grounds for concern exists when safety is at stake. However, these concerns should not overshadow the rewards brought by the evolution of cockpit instrumentation, and the rewards have been numerous. For example, aviation reaped the rewards of instrumentation and became a competitive mode of t ransportation with the advent of around-the-clock all weather flight capability. Additionally, the process of refining the integration between the pilot and these early instruments in the fledgling airborne environment served as catalyst for subsequent Human Factors research and development. Not only has this research positively impacted aviation safety, it has also contributed significantly to technological advancements gained refining SHEL model interfaces in other fields tackling man-machine integration dilemmas (Edwards, 1972). Today, problems still exist in mans ongoing marriage with machine but fortunately, they can, and will be reconciled with further application of human factors engineering intervention.is

What Is Information? :: Science Research Essays

What Is Information? ABSTRACT: There is a striking paradox in contemporary brain and cognitive science. Their purported fundamental category of information either is not defined or is used in a Shannonesque sense, which is unable to account for the processes of regulation and control when content, not the quantity of information, is concerned. I try to provide a more adequate formula which is applicable to a wide range of systems commonly counted as informational systems. Representative examples would include a single biological cell, animals, persons, and computers. In fact, I consider information-defined here as any detectable difference of physical states-to be the determining principle of all animate systems, one in which determines both their achitecture and their operation. I claim that the concept of information is a realist category and that information itself is, in ontological terms, an irreal entity unable to act on its own. Three hierarchically ordered forms of information are distinguished a nd a number of applications of the proposed definition are discussed. In the books and papers on brain science, cognitive science, etc., one of the most frequently used terms is information. We are told that brains and their various subunits — down to the level of a single neuron — process information, store it, retrieve it, transmit it, etc. They do, indeed. The point, however, is that we are not told what information is. Perhaps information is meant to be understood in the sense first given by C. Shannon? If so, it would be a huge misunderstanding for at least two reasons. First, his approach is entirely content-neutral. It concerns only technical/economical, quantitative problems of data transmission and communication. Brain activity, on the other hand, is concerned with regulation and control, where the content of information matters a lot. Furthermore, since according to Shannon's approach information is what reduces uncertainty, the whole idea presupposes such things as knowledge of a priori probabilities — a requirement which can hardly be attributed to, say, frogs and butterflies. It can serve well the purposes of mathematicians and engineers dealing with well-specified communication problems, but it is useless with regard to the systems which must cope with varieties of environmental stimuli. I suppose that what is taken for granted here is a commonsense, mentalistic connotation: information is thought to be a piece of knowledge. If this is the assumption being made, we must either flatly reject it because of its strong anthropocentric bias, or we must treat it figuratively, as a conventional term of art with no objective counterpart in reality.

My Personal Ethics Essay -- being an ethical decision maker

According to the New Oxford American Dictionary, ethics is defined as â€Å"moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behavior.† Therefore, in an ideal world, ethics should play the ultimate role when making a decision. If ethics are the principles which guides one’s behavior then, ideally, all decisions should be made entirely based on ethics. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. A few problems arise when one tries to make an ethical decision, especially as a leader. First, ethics may mean different things to different people. For example, my religious and spiritual beliefs are the foundation for what I deem ethical. However, for someone else, ethics might be based on laws or their own personal understanding of what is right or wrong. Generally, I do believe there are some behaviors that all can agree upon as being ethical or unethical. For example, most people understand that stealing from someone or murder is wrong. However, it is difficult, at times, to have similar ethical expectations of others as one does of themselves because of these differences in the understanding of ethics. Additionally, there are times when it might be easier for a leader to make an unethical decision for an immediate gain or to appease the wants of others. Examples of these include leaders who embezzle money or use other schemes to make money quickly or unlawfully. For most leaders, making ethical decisions tends to be the goal. I firmly believe that more often than not, leaders do make ethical decisions for the betterment of their organization or business. There are cases when making an unethical decision might be easier, but the true character of a leader is tested when they are confronted with such a decision. Making the easier ... ...ply share with others what I believe and value. I also communicate my personal ethics through my actions. If my decisions are made according to my ethical beliefs, then others should be able to recognize, through my behavior, what my personal morals are. Overall, being an ethical decision maker is important to me. As a leader, I understand that I play a part in establishing what is considered right and wrong, based on my actions and decisions. My hope is to always be an example, and being ethical is the foundation of setting a good example for others. The old adage, â€Å"actions speak louder than words† rings true in relation to ethics. I aim to show people what my moral principles are based on my actions. At times, it can get difficult because I might let emotions cloud my judgment, but after all, doing the right thing for the sake of others is most important to me.

Labor and the Grievance Process

The history of the grievance process in American history is a lengthy one as it saw its initial origins in the very first labor movements of the 19th century. The growth of organized labor continued for many decades seeing a great deal of its power strengthened during the early Twentieth century as socialist and anarchist groups greatly empowered and organized the movement. With the development of the Labor Relations Board under the New Deal era of the 1930’s, organized labor saw its power solidified in the United States until its eventual decline in the latter half of the 20th century, a steep decline that continues to this very day. The Grievance Procedure, really got a toe hold during World War ll, when the War Labor Board was developed for the purpose of keeping steady employment, minus the threat and practice of strikes, for the purpose of keeping productivity at a peak during the war effort. It was during these years the Grievance Procedure reached its real recognition as means of preventing strikes and at the same time giving the worker an opportunity to air his differences with the employer. Remember back then â€Å"Rosie the Riviter†, had no say in the matter!   Since the years of World War ll, the Grievance Procedure of irreconcilable differences have become nationally recognized method of dealing with labor problems. (Parsons) Rules of employment are meant to be honored by both the employee and management. Management will have certain standards and requirements in order for an employee to remain employed and, conversely, an employee who is part of a collective bargaining unit has the right to expect that management honor the bargaining agreement. When there is an obvious and material breach of the bargaining contract, then it is well within the rights of the employee to file a grievance. The very nature of the fact that the employee has filed a grievance means that at some point there has been a  communication breakdown between management and employee. Furthermore, there must be some legitimate basis for the grievance in order for the union to take up the cause. Many grievances are won or lost in the early stages of the grievance procedure. The steward must understand how the arbitration process works and what is needed to succeed if a grievance goes all the way to a hearing. Proper preparation will result in a higher winning percentage and make presenting the grievance in the arbitration hearing much easier. This course is designed for those who have completed Grievance Handling and/or Steward Training. Topics include: evidence and proof in arbitration; the rules of evidence; gathering and organizing evidence; case analysis and settlement consideration; anatomy of the arbitration hearing; the seven tests of just cause; and how to judge whether the arbitrator's decision runs counter to the purposes of the National Labor Relations Act (Kretchsmar) That is to say, to grieve without a violation of the bargaining contract will render the grievance useless and, ultimately, dismissed. This is why unions are careful to make sure that an actual breach has occurred before pressing forth with a grievance complaint. Now, as to whether or not the grievance procedure is workable or not, this depends on the individuals who are involved. If either management or the union are very stubborn and are prone to interpret the law as the see fit or willfully participate in unfair labor practices, then the entire grievance procedure will be undermined by the incompetent actions of the individuals who are taking part in the process. In a way, the grievance process as it relates to labor in the United States is both a simple and complex issue that can be viewed by various facets. If one were to judge whether or not the overall scope of the grievance process has been successful, the answer would be yes as the United States has produced some incredible private sector success stories that involved helped from organized labor. Bibliography Badger, John. The New Deal: The Depression Years. Chicago: Ivan R Dee Publishing, 2002. Kretchsmar, John. (2006) â€Å"Labor Workshops.† Retrieved 11 February 2007. http://www.unomaha.edu/~wbils/labor2.html Parsons, Tony. (1999) â€Å"Defending Worker Rights.† Retrieved 11 February 2007. ; ;