Course Work 1 case summary and report Coursework

Course Work 1 part summary and report - Coursework ExampleThe summer-blooming presents a tap crusade on assisted murder. The summer-blooming has a number of mistakes that lead to reduced clarity. There are errors associated with grammar mistakes such as wrongly recite words, unclear phrases, wrong punctuations, and wrong use of words. The summery does not consider the use of law or woo language. Again, it is a bit unclear on the court ruling given that the summery tho indicate five court ruling without any informed induction. Grammar Errors A number of words are wrongly spelt or their use brings unintended meaning. Misspelled words include euthanasia, in the first split, defence in the second paragraph, parliament in the third paragraph, un-proportionate in the fourth paragraph, forcibility, Switzerland, and foresee in paragraph six. The word weather is used in paragraphs two and four to imply whether. Unclear Phrases/Sentences and wrong punctuations The summery has some unclear phrases and sentences whose usage makes it difficult to understand the summery. A phrase like, The applicants were really badly handicapped, is amiss(p) since it uses two adverbs to show the degree of disability. At most one adverb had to be used. A case like, So what the Court had to decide was whether there was, is not clear in terms of whether the court was supposed to do so or it was exactly what the court did. The sentence should be, The Court decided on whether there was, The summery has early(a) related cases of poor sentence structures, and poor punctuations (Summary of R. V. Nicholson , 2013). Use of Law Language The summery depicts a court case but makes use of only a few words that create an purpose of a court ruling. Instead of using words like brought to imply the case opening, the words, presented before the court, could have been used. The summery also avoids the use of court case word such as plaintiffs, defendants, accused, prosecutor, charge, and horror among others. Such worlds bring in a court mood. Again, there is no conclusion on the court ruling. The court only breaks the case into five offenses but there is no aspects like a conclusion on the charges placed on the offenders. Corrections to such mistakes would make the summery clear and more understandable. caseful Summery of RV Nicholson The case was presented before the Court of Appeal on July 31, 2013 by Nicholson alongside other plaintiffs. This happened after a decision about assisted suicide case and euthanasia was made by the European Court of Justice. In the case, it was claimed that the applicants were completely disabled and thus they could hardly commit suicide without assistance. The case was ruled under Section 2 of the Suicide Act 2010, which says that it is unlawful to assist a mortal in committing suicide. Based on the Act, it was held that the accused (the assistants of the suicides) were guilty of murder. Again, the FPP provided orders on when the accused would be prosecuted. Such an advice was provided with respect to the Purdy v United Kingdom case of 2010. AC45. The court ruling was open for the accused to defend themselves by clarifying their defense side. The court wanted clarifications on whether there were any defense attempts by the disabled individuals. The court further held that the accused did not observe Article 8 of Human Rights Act 1950. This

The potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night Essay

The potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a dark reassign rather than day and evening shift - Essay ExampleConventionally, the innate biological clock energize more often been overlooked and set aside by its anatomic owner because of changes in lifestyle, and because of frugal developments which is now more of intensified productivity to cope with increasing demand. Consequently, organizational operations maybe 24/7, which requires at most 3 different sets of workers. So, there are those that are assigned to day shift. at that place are also separate set of workers assigned for the evening shift. And, another set is assigned for the shadow shift. The workers assigned for the day shift are the most likely set of people who obeys the law of nature in terms of meeting the number of hours for rest at a particular time of the night that the body has been accustomed to while growing up. Thus, given that the same set of people eats at regular interval, a balance die t, then, biological physiologic functions of the body can be presumed to run regular as well as body size and weight. Conversely, the potential for gaining weight is higher when work is for a night shift rather than day and evening shift.

Research paper Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Essay

Research newsprint Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon - Essay ExampleThere are several contributions that it has given to the world standardized paper, gunpowder and other elements that are still useful to the modern world.In several conditions around the world, Chinese culture has been represented in several ways. However, thither are certain things that must be analysed carefully. In this paper, in that location will be a focus on the Chinese cultural aspects present in the films, in particular, Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon. At the same time, there will be a native analysis of the different elements in the film where there is a contention that is present in it since it there is a possibility of divergence from the concept of Chinese culture. There will be also an discernment of the different cultures that have risen in the film and prove the context of hybridity in this case. All the more, there will a deliberative approach on how globalization is considered to be one of the majo r factors that lead to production of the said film.The film Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon is a film by Ang downwind intended to highlight and showcase the significant things about Chinese culture and to present it to the world and this is considered to be break for him.1 In this film, he has focused more on incorporating different Chinese cultural elements all in all packed in to one.The film revolves around the story of two warriors in pursuit of a stolen sword and a notorious fugitive are led to an impetuous, physically-skilled, teenage noblemans daughter, who is at a crossroads in her life. 2 This is the main story of the film.Upon appearance of this film in the general market, people have like it appreciated and it has garnered several achievements and one of the critically acclaimed works by Ang Lee. 3 The incorporation of the different Chinese cultural could be considered as the very foundation of the film for being an international hit.This film by Ang Lee is also

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead - Essay ExampleArcheology, through ethnic-history archaeology, bioarcheaology, post-processual archaeology, mortuary archaeology, etc. presents discordant theories that aim for the recovery, restoration and surfacing of ancient cultures, and learning how they changed (Dannenfeldt 8). They also focus on learning around the ancient histories as well as studying their reflexivity. The research paper at hand focuses on addressing the question of whether the rituals of death are reflective of the liveness or the dead. Rituals of death, no matter which culture they perish to, are performed by the living for the dead at that placefore, it can be construed that these rituals are reflective of both the living and the dead. The human thinking process and thoughts evolve as time goes by, thus new theories are developed, which count to be able to fill the gap of disadvantages left by earlier theories. In the same way, there have been certain changes or movements in the train of thought of the archaeological theory, which have led to the baring and development of different theories or disciplines of this study. These theories or disciplines, albeit differing in only some aspects from one another, have their cause unique orientation and goals that further jock in revealing mysteries regarding the people of the past. First among these comes the cultural-history archeological greet developed in the nineteenth century, which basically deals with elucidating why cultures were modified or adapted according to mixed beliefs, and it also aims to highlight historical particularism. During the 1960s, this approach was challenged through the approach called New Archeology, or processual archaeology, and its focus was to nominate studies in a more scientific and anthropological manner, thus inculcating various scientific methods and statistical compend such as hypothesis testing etc. However, two decades later, a new approach to arch eological theory evolved and it questioned the impartiality and scientific positivism which were emphasized in the previous one. This was a post-modern movement and was know as post-processual archaeology, and it believed in self-critical theories and reflexivity of various cultures. However, each approach has its own pitfalls and shortcomings and as of now, a blameless approach is yet to be discovered. Despite various shortcomings, it is these approaches and disciplines to archeology that enable one to understand the lifestyle, cultural beliefs, norms and traditions of his or her great ancestors. Such archeological disciplines include bioarcheology which aims to study about human cultures and their histories, and mortuary archeology which focuses on researching about funerary practices involved in various cultures, their beliefs about after life, etc. Thus, with the help of different aspects of archeology, man is able to know about ancient cultures, histories, traditions, ways of life, beliefs and practices of his great forefathers. Mortuary archeology presents a good question of whether the funerary rites, or the rituals of the dead, are actually for the living or for the dead. In a general context, every culture has its own funerary practices and rituals to honor the deceased, and some of them share similarities. gardening is one of the most important identities of man, and it is this culture that presents various values and traditions to be followed during the lifetime of the individual. In that sense, it is

What are the Psychological effects of the amount of violence portrayed Research Proposal

What are the mental effects of the amount of military unit portrayed in movies - Research Proposal ExampleThe case of force out against a specific ethnic group shows some psychological variance with movies such(prenominal) as figure a Fire or Munich since they may shift the observers political viewpoint towards the individuals against which emphasis is perpetrated even if such a shift is short lived (Koopman and Butler, 2007). The researchers also note that Research to date indicates that political films have a variety of discernible short-term effects on political beliefs and attitudes, behavior and behavioral intentions, emotions, and other psychological variables (Koopman and Butler, 2007, Pg. 1).However, when dealing with violence and the problem of violent films, it may be possible that the effect measured is less(prenominal) than the effect which actually takes place. For example, if a person has existing viewpoints about a certain political thought, violence for or agains t that political thought may only go to heighten and reinforce the political ideas earlier than weaken them (Koopman and Butler, 2007). In essence, if a violent person sees violent behavior being rewarded in a film, it may go to reinforce their ideas about violence in general whether it is sexual violence or physical violence (Malamuth and Briere, 1986).The psychological effects of watching violent films become clear when we understand that individuals who habitually watch violent movies may be more likely to be violent with their peers and exhibit the resembling the kinds of behaviors even when their social conflicts could be resolved without violence (Bandura et. al., 1963). The same can be said to be true of sexual aggression since a viewer who sees violent sexual portrayals repeatedly may be more likely to enact them in his/her real life. The association between sexual arousal and violence may become a cue for some individuals to readily make violence a portion of sexual arou sal (Malamuth and Briere, 1986).Of course,

CRIMINAL JUSTICE Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

culpable JUSTICE - Term Paper ExampleII. It is also very important to understand the idea of victim in relationship to a abominate aversion.. A. According to Altheide and Coyle (2006) Victims are but the personal side of crisis a crisis is where victims reside. A personal crisis may affect hotshot victim, but more generally crisis refers to amicable crisis, involving numerous people. All take place in a time of fear. All of this requires that citizens direct teaching and constant reminders of the pitfalls and hazards of life, whether potential or realized (p. 289). B. The Anti-Hate Crime Movement began in the 1960s, but it has taken decades to set up it a relevant social issue (Jenness & Grattet, 2004). III. As well, education just just about different refinings has allowed children to start perceive the beauty in difference rather than fearing it. A. Perry, Levin, Iganski, Blazak, and Lawrence (2009) discuss education of children in a globalized world in order to end parti priss as an investment into the future. B. The problem is continued as teachers are not ready to understand or handle the problems that come from biased bullying and they do not know how to match when they see it or are told about it (Perry, Levin, Iganski, Blazak and Lawrence, 2010). ... Hate crimes can come from many different types of prejudice including gender, the color of skin, sexual orientation, and political differences. One of the greatest influences over the development of hate for people with differences from ones self is through family built hatreds that sometimes go back for many generations. Although hate crimes have declined in the last few decades, there are still an alarming number in the join States. Decreasing the number of hate crimes happens over generations of decreasing the amount of prejudice in families, but other shipway of stopping them can help to provide a quicker end to the problems. One of the ways in which the American government has appro ached hate crimes is through making the criminal offense carry a deeper sentence when it is associated or caused by hatred that is based on social ideas about classifying others. Teaching students about the differences of other cultures also helps to deter them from having prejudicial ideas that might lead to violence later in life. Abolishing ignorance about other cultures is a powerful way in which to approach the issue of hate crimes. An examination of hate crimes can help to understand why they are still occurring and to develop strategies through which a bring down number of them will occur within the United States. To understand what a hate crime is offset must be done through defining the topic. A hate crime is a crime that is committed because one individual hates something that another individual represents to them. As an example, the ideas that someone has about the Asian culture might provoke them to commit a crime against someone who is Asian. Stereotypes and profiling are two of the ways in which people evaluate others in order to

American Eagle Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ameri stop Eagle Marketing - Research Paper Example flight path operation is dependent upon many related entities the primary ones are airport authorities which allow the airlines to reach out out the operation at the particular station. The catering service providers along with aircraft equipment manufacturers and suppliers also play contributory role in the operation. In case of American Eagle, it is quite possible that the flight frequency is curb at a particular station. The aircraft manufacturer may also enforce strict conditions for aircraft maintenance. Customers Bargaining PowerAviation industry is strongly characterized by time based fares which enable the customers to fly cheap if they course of study their journey well ahead of time. The threat of customers bargaining power is limited as the pricing is purely online and regulated by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).Threat of SubstituteIt is a right point of consideration for American Eagle as many low represent carriers can threat its profitability. It goes without saying that there is no substitute of air travel in the aspect of time and ease. The drawback can be in terms of connections to multiple stations and the facilities provided during transit if direct flight is not operated.Threat of fresh EntrantAs mentioned earlier, entry of new low cost carriers can threaten the business of American Eagle. The low cost carrier saves cost on catering, in flight entertainment and baggage limit. They focus on the staple fiber requirement of air travel which is quick transportation of individuals and baggage.

Spintronics and it's use with Computers Research Paper

Spintronics and its use with Computers - Research Paper casingAn example of such a material is zinc oxide in which cobalt replaces some of the zinc atoms.Spintronics incorporates impertinently discoveries in semiconductor world to bring changes in the electronic makeup and powering of computers. The go around transport and spin relaxation phenomena in metals and semiconductors testament soon be used by devices to replace current electric engineering science. The technology aims at developing faster circuits that operate on heat and magnetic energy kinda than conventional electricity.This topic is critical because, without a revolutionary approach such as, spintronics, the computer industry will soon face a lot of challenges concerning processor speed. Cobalt-doped zinc diode, or such like materials, could be fundamental in manufacturing of computer chips for spintronics to be realized.With this new innovatory approach, circuits will use the electron spin rather of electron cha rge to carry signals and process information. For such chips to be developed, semiconductors that cannot lose magnetism at or above room temperature must be found. With this phenomenon, the electrons spin that the signal is embedded on is preferentially unidirectional. Other such solid-state materials are already in existence, but they fail to keep up their crucial magnetic properties at room temperature, thus limiting their importance.Almost everything ranging from scientific discoveries to consumer electronics is affected by advances in computer technologies. For instance, further discoveries in science depend on ever fast computers to run computations that cant be done now. Researchers could avoid many challenges in their work if computers that are base on spintronics could be economically developed.This paper is going to look at three main points in spintronics. The first point is about transistors and the heat they generate. Its quite clear that todays technology for making high

Genetics((Drosophila)) Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetics((Drosophila)) - Lab Report ExampleDrosophila which is the common fruit fly has been used extensively in carrying out genetic research. This is due to the fact that the species is relatively stable. There are many factors that tiller Drosophila suitable for carrying out genetic research. They have mutations that can easily be differentiated from virtuoso another. They are able to produce large number of offspring which can be easily calculate into ratios. Furthermore, they are small and have four pairs of chromosomes which make it easy to discern them. They are convenient to officiate with as far as study period is concerned by the fact that they have a life cycle of 12 days. In this practical Drosophila is used to study Mendels police force in organisms.I would accept the hypothesis as the results are logical with it. The results, of course, make sense as they are consistent with theories of Mendels Law. They have occurred as expected. The subsequent generations inherit the traits of their parents. The inheritance takes place fit in to the predictions of Mendels law. Combination of alleles is useful in producing variability of offspring. It is assumed that the alleles occur in spate chromosomes. Otherwise, the conclave would not be effective if the factors come from the same

Chocolate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Chocolate - adjudicate ExampleIn modern English, chocolate originates from the Aztec phrase cacaua atl which means cacao drink. It also has other phrase xocolatl which meant bitter water. This crop is mainly grown I the tropical climates of West Africa, Asia, and Latin. In the past, chocolates utilize to be expensive and only the well-off families could afford it. However, this has been solved by the emergence of modern methods which has make this luxurious food affordable to all.This paper mainly focus on the challenges facing the chocolate exertion such as minor labour, why people crave for it, and the health benefits it presents to the people and economy of a nation. The emergence of modern methods has tremendously promoted and made this luxurious food affordable to all.Currently, Bolivia is recognized the largest producer and exporter of umber beans earthly concernwide. In this region, cocoa is grown using the organic farming system. In areas such as Beni, agroforestry kic k in been put in place to help the indigenous and peasant farmers. Bolivia has a good cocoa that has been revealed to test good and has a variety of flavours. This region has two types of cocoa namely the hybrid which develop with merchandise plantations. The other kind is the wild which is part of a system of natural forest and is mainly entrap in Amazon region and a smaller percentage. In developed nations, child labour in cocoa farms has been controlled and wiped out (Gregory, 2013). This has been done by developing policies that has helped in ending use of illegal child labour on farms supplying cocoa. Additionally, several organizations such as Anti-Slavery Internationals have also assisted in ending this problem.In the West Africa, cocoa is also grown in large scale in countries such as Ivory Coast and Ghana which supply more than 70 percent of the worlds cocoa. The beans are normally grown and sold to the majority of chocolate companies. In the past, there has been a wides pread use of child

Change and Development in the English Language Essay - 1

Change and nurture in the English Language - Essay ExampleThe essay Change and Development in the English Language talks about the various socio-historical influences on the breeding of the Old English such as the separation of the land from the Continental influences, conversion of the English to Christianity, the assimilation of the Scandinavian colonizers on the English language, the bona fide beehive of scholarly activity in England following its conversion to Christianity in the sixth century etc had tending(p) linguistic effects which contributed to the development of Old English.In the development of the Old English, there were several socio-historical elements which influenced the linguistic mature of the language. The advent of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians in the British Island in the year 449 proved to be a major incident in the history of the land and the language. They occupied Great Britain and converted the major population of the land to English speak ers. The following separation of the land and language of the Old English from the influences of other Continental nations and languages helped in the development of a distinctive language in Great Britain. The external influence on this language cannot be ignored. It is of paramount relevance that the conversion of the English to Christianity was one of the major socio-historical influences that shaped Old English. Christianity introduced the influence of Latin on Old English and the linking of the English culture with mainstream Europe through the Synod of Whitby.

ENGLISH 12 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ENGLISH 12 - Article ExampleThese two essays strongly base their works on particular systems of belief in the respective societies that determine particular carriages. Thus, by analyzing the setting, characterization and the shared radical in the two essays, this comparison shows how systems of beliefs have constrained the truth so as to shape the behavior of societies, giving them distinct identities. The setting in A Secret Society of the Starving is an online society whereas sack up You Tell the Truth in a Small Town? uses a physical society setting. In the online society, the truth about the identities of the members has been hidden under the disguised names that they use when interacting. Even with these hidden identities, Udovitch (110) gives an business relationship of how members of this society have organized practices governed by their beliefs and that they share their experiences, without which they would probably not be pro-ana. Perhaps, their anonymity gives them the exemption to share their experiences online, a distinct trait of this society. In Dakota, keep openrs face a physical community of good deal who are their prospective audience. Albeit these writers do not know with certainty who would be the audience with regard to their writing, they cool off find a moral obligation not to tell the truth considered to be discouraging. This follows the belief in the society that the truth should not be told if it would discourage the public (Norris 127). Through this contrast, it is evident that despite the temper of a society, the system of beliefs in which its members believe in serves as a more critical expectation in aligning their behaviors towards a specific way of life more than their anonymity to one other possibly could influence otherwise. Both of the selected essays use the power of characterization to depict a society where members would reach their welfare to uphold the dictates of their system of beliefs, thus the importance of beliefs over peoples free-will in find behavior in the societies. In the pro-ana society, in order to achieve and maintain the thin eubstance considered as attractive, women have to suffer pain and sacrifice eating according to the anorexia practice. Thus, the belief that a thin body is attractive has sacrificing free-will eating as the price to pay (Udovitch 111). Beliefs supersede ones free-will to eat. In the said(prenominal) way, the Dakotan writers sacrifice the truth so as to be acceptable in the Dakotan society. According to Norris, someone who wants to write either has to break away or settle for writing only what is acceptable (128). But since the writers guardianship being set aside from the society, they choose the latter, thus sacrificing to tell the truth that they know. The author, thus, shows that the value of beliefs supersedes that of the truth in the society. These characters show that beliefs in any society are regarded with high esteem and members of the giv en society would care anything, including the truth about their welfare, to observe these beliefs. Moreover, the writers in both essays employ the theme of unity brought about by the existence of a system of beliefs, hence the importance of beliefs in giving people a gross identity. Udovitch and Norris depict beliefs as the glue that unites people sharing similar traits both physically and psychologically. The online

The 60's Societal customs and norms of the period (such as gender Essay - 1

The 60s Societal customs and norms of the time period (such as gender roles, and. Also what is the collective view on God during this era) - Essay ExampleThe unadorned changes ranged from values, education, laws, lifestyles, and entertainment.As the article The groovy 1990s discusses, the 1960s was a decade in which gender roles were thoroughly questioned. Inspired by the success of the civil rights movement, women in America and elsewhere around the world had go down out on a quest to convert the ensuing quest for racial equality to a pursuit for womens rights. Access to a credit, equal pay, and equal rights amendments were some of the agendas that were being pursued. A notability feature of this era was the escalation in the popularity of the birth control pill. Besides being an affordable tool for restrain unwanted pregnancies, the pill became a symbol of female emancipation. Having acquired unrestricted access to the pill, women had finally managed to gain increase control over their future. Not only did they now have the power to pursue long limit jobs, they also had the ability to pursue higher education and compete for careers previously preserved for men. Besides the pill, the progression of feminisms was another notable feature in the fight for a shift in gender roles throughout the 1960s, women groups such as New York Radical Women and the New York Radical Feminists emerged to challenge male supremacy twain within the family and the political arena. According to the book The Age of Contradiction, the first two years marked the increase of the phenomenon, radical feminist (1998 Howard Brick).Musically, it was a decade characterised by a surge in the celebrity market-gardening and celebrity worship. Taking a departure from earlier decades in which great musicians were merely appreciated, the 1960s ushered in a new era in which musicians became the ideal representation of success and fame musicians were now the only standardised against which ones fame could accurately be measured. It was thus a decade in which musicians such as Elvis Presely, Jack Kennedy

Economic analysis of the new system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economic analysis of the new system - analyse ExampleThe new economic system requires monthly equipment culture (1 hour training), Monthly softwargon training (1 hour training), and monthly IT training on new system software.The return on investment is real significant to a company beca use of goods and services it predicts the ratio or percentage of profits or gains to cost. However, the company tutor need to understand that return on investment does not talk about time nor does it read how long a business might take to gain a certain percentage. In addition, it does not demonstrate the risk or danger of an investment. Payback analysis is very significant since it shows the duration a business takes for the entire gains from an investment to reach the cumulative cost. Therefore, investments with slight time for payback have unhorse risks or danger than those with much time or longer periods have.The benefits are tangible and intangible. The tangible benefits are enhanced qual ity and inventory. In addition, it facilitates inclusion of all devices with real components, it give mobile users time to ply out practical transactions in absence of an ready(prenominal) terminal. It improves lead-time reduction, helps to ensure all devices are reinforced with the correct components the first time, a dramatic reduction in costly material scraps and senseless overhead that result from rework and by minimizing the risk of mixed components. It also Improve operator efficiencies, PCVs use of mobile devices gives users the freedom to perform real-time transactions while they work without having to seek out an available terminal. Additionally, intangible Benefits are indirect benefits that cannot be seen. For instance, such benefits are enhancing customer service via increased attack and increased company control, which in turn avoids misuse of company resources. Further, it Increases companys transparency and responsibility, less chance of losing documents and

Microeconomic issue- halo effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Micro scotch issue- halo essence - Essay Examplensumers tend to associate the positive fiber of a per give-and-takealitys image with a point of intersection and its brand, and since consumers have aspirations and desires, the seller hopes that the image associated with the product is powerful enough for the consumer to take action first, to desire the satisfaction associated with the image, and second, to think that the product and brand relate to the image would be the means to achieve that satisfaction. This association between a persons written report and his words and actions is what the aureole Effect is all about (Economist.com).Thorndike in a 1920 study observed the Halo Effect at work in a study involving soldiers and the way they rated their officers. He discovered that when soldiers viewed their officer in a positive way, all the officers actions are viewed positively. This is the way a son would treat the punishment from a father whom the son admires every punishmen t is for the sons good, no matter how unjust the punishment may seem to an outside observer.Applied to microeconomics and the behavior of firms and consumers, the halo effect can be observed at work in many instances. In fact, the global economic crisis may have been caused by the halo effect, and the same halo effect is being used to communicate the world out of the crisis. Rosenzweig, writing in the McKinsey Quarterly, observed how the halo effect could explain both blood success and failure, emphasizing the importance of consumer or observer perception in determining economic behavior.Among the nuisance stories associated with the crisis, the investment scam of Madoff shows how the halo effect contributed both to his success and failure. Madoff was an investment banker who served as the Chairman of NASDAQ, the nonprescription(prenominal) stock market that boomed in the late 1990s. According to the New York Times, Madoff was able to head NASDAQ because of his high-profile life style and muted consistency in generating above-average returns for investors. His

Growing Importance of the Global Economy Essay Example for Free

Growing immenseness of the Global Economy EssayHow has the growing importance of the global economy affected your organizations competitiveness? The global financial crisis continues to be a severe shock to most enterprises. The initial economical downturn, the worst since the Great Depression, has affected almost alone sectors of the economy. Everyone and every organization that has felt the pain. The company I work for serve the basic insurance needs of the fast-growing but largely under-served Ameri squirt centerfield income market. While many insurers have moved up-market, we are firmly committed to helping working families and retirees bear basic protection through long-term care, life and supplemental health insurance products, as sound as annuitiesHow has your organization responded to this? My company offer consumers choice in how they buy insurance products. They can buy direct from Colonial Penn, which has special expertise in direct sales. They can purchase prod ucts crosswise the kitchen table through career elements from Bankers Life and Casualty association, independent agents of our Washington National Insurance Company unit or through its Performance Matters Associates marketing arm, both of which also offer voluntary good products to employees at the workplace.What recommendations would you make for your organization to improve its strategic decision-making? I would have consolidated and integrated all operations under a single resource with the goal of delivering improved customer service steady as we reduced costs. A streamlined application and straight-through processing system has shortened customer and agent turn-around times and lowered application costs.2013 CNO Financial Group, Inc. http//www.cnoinc.com

Difference Between Backing Up and Archiving of Data Essay Example for Free

Difference Between approve Up and Archiving of Data EssayExplain the difference between backing up and archiving of data, state the exercise taken for both and give reasons why they are necessary.It is important to know the basic differences between escort and archiving discipline, in order to prevent loss of important files on a computer.There is a ample difference between the two and it comes down to variables between short term and long term storage. relief up important data files on a computer should be done often, sometimes erst a day or more. Thinking of it like a short term insurance policy, alleviations give the sack be done using USG keys, disks, even to tape. Sometimes this information is overwritten each time it is saved, as juvenile tiles are being added.Backups are primarily used for operational recovery, to quickly recover an overwritten file or corrupted database. The focus is on speed, both to back up and recover, and on data integrity. Archives, on the a nonher(prenominal) hand, typically store a version of a file that no longer changing, or should not be changing.For example, an accountant for a small business that uses QuickBooks ordain back up his files regularly in order to prevent a disastrous loss of inform. He will entrust that information to an online backup system that is updated at the end of each business day.This way, if a problem occurs with the individual computer or network, then there is a way to resurrect the book without having to enter a month of work.Archiving, on the other hand, is the equivalent of a long term insurance policy for files that are rarely accessed or never changed.This type of storage creates a history of the files in an authentic form that can be accessed weeks from now or years from now. The storage media for archiving requires that it have a long, stable life.If the owner of the company died tomorrow, where would you cast down to look for important documents? Or what if an audit of 2003 ca me up? Creating an archive is essential to traching down vital information to a company or individual.Typically, archives have been stored on magnetic tapes in the past, but with represent of online data archiving solutions becoming more practical and inexpensive, you will see more use of them.Offsite data archiving is highly recommended in the even t of a disaster.Another way of looking at the differences is that backup contains septuple restore points, allowing you to go back in time in case of a virus, accidental excommunication or accidentally saving over a file.Archived information will only store a singly version of a file and this is rarely changing, if ever at all. Often archived data will also span decades of files.Archiving may require certain policies or rules that approve who have access, how long the records demand to be stored etc.

Public Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay Example for Free

Public Health of the Developing Country of sec Africa EssayAbstractStudies and statistics thrust put the cost of one year requirement of standard inherent medicines needed for the wieldment of help at $ 4000 to $ 6000 in growth countries like S show uph Africa. This cost puts the medicines extinct of the r for each one of or so of the deal infected by human immunodeficiency virus in the development countries. In rank to puzzle the medicines operable to all the needy people the cost should brook been at to the lowest degree 95 portion less. The exorbitant price is because of the cost of the patents. The drugs encourageed by the gifted retention uprights were required to treat diseases like Tuberculosis, in addition to the treatments of HIV/ help. much(prenominal) drugs excessively included Hepatitis-B Vaccine. There has been a unvarying criticism by the social activists and other habitual health associations, of the action by the World merchandise Organiz ation in making the growing countries implement the mint- related to Aspects of clever plaza Rights (TRIPS) fine-tunestairsstanding which deals with the surety of Intellectual Property rights relating to the essential drugs. They take up also been condemning the attitude of the multinational companies in indulging in excessive lobbying to insist on the implementation of the IP rights vindication which volition gift the resultant of enhancing their wampum by charging exorbitant prices for the drugs and for putting the essential drugs and health c ar beyond the ease upability of scores of people in the ontogenesis nations including siemens Africa.However below such circumstances the relationship between the political relation of mho Africa and the international pharmaceutical companies had non been a conducive one thanks to the implementation of the feed of TRIPS savvy. On the decision of the southmost Afri female genitalia G all overnment to pass the Medicines and associate Substances Amendment Act in the year 1997, 39 drug companies joined to initiate legal action against the organisation. The plea of the drug companies is that the Act gave too a great deal(prenominal) freedom of action to the Health Minister and he acted beyond the legitimate interpretation of TRIPS. It was the endeavour of south-central Africa to make life saving drugs available at affordable prices. The domain wanted to effectively use the coercive licensing opportunities opened by TRIPS so that the prices of the drugs could be put under check. But since the action of the giving medication posed a threat to the earning capacity of the international pharmaceutical companies they went to the extent of entering into litigation with the government of South Africa. IntroductionTRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the authority of the WTO were founded to value creationwide able property rights. The agreements, governing not preci sely more general able property rights however also those of the pharmaceutical industry, argon fairly stringent ca apply mevery fusss for growth countries especially South Africa which is universe ravaged by epidemics which includes AIDS.According to a statistical survey by coupled Nations1 20 percent of the adult population in South Africa tests positive for HIV. The impact of the disease is such that the more than half(a) a one one thousand thousand million children halt been decl atomic number 18d orphans. It is also reported that HIV/AIDS related diseases extend to reduce the average life expectancy in South Africa by 20 geezerhood in the year 2010. Therefore it can be inferred that the provision of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is a high priority issue2.It has been necessary for South Africa to circumvent part of the TRIPS agreements in an effort to protect its population. AIDS is taking great toll of the realm leaving families without p bents and health c be hospitals totally futile to cope. The United States currently insists on the TRIPS agreement being strictly adhered to and seems unable, or unwilling, to find a government agency to help the developing nations with this problem. There take away been nigh efforts made to help them in this respect, for example absolute licensing and jibe pricing and these methods will be examined in a later section.The negotiation of the TRIPS reason has been construed as one that was forcibly introduced by the developing countries against the objection of m whatsoever of the developing nations. The industrial lobbies (multinational and transnational corporations) adopt convinced the governments of the create countries to link the international mint with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) so that the industrial betterment of the developing countries would be curtailed. This would automatically prevent imitation of technologies and increase the returns on research and development for the substantial countries. Monopoly rights granted under IPR were mainly intended to deter the developing countries from advancing on the industrialization.Thus TRIPS Agreement and the protection of IPR have been used to meet the comparative advantage of the developed countries in terms of the proficient development. Under TRIPS countries like India, Brazil which manufactures generic medicines would not have the right to export such medicines with effect from 01 January 2005. This is so de spite the fact that the present momenting countries do have the respective patents covering the drugs.Specifically the least developing countries have put a strong resistance to the requirements of TRIPS especially in the matter of granting the protection rights for the products and processes. While developing countries were required to implement the provisions within one year of reaching the Agreement, the developing countries were given time until the end of the year 2004. In the matter of prote ction of rights of pharmaceutical products the lease developing countries have been allowed to delay the implementation of TRIPS Agreement provisions till the year 2016.The peculiarity with the provisions of TRIPS is that it allows all country to override the patent right under certain specific circumstances by victimization the compulsory licensing procedure. For instance when there is a shortage of drugs or the prices of the drugs are too high to make them unaffordable the country can override the patent if the prescribed procedures are followed. This provision of TRIPS presupposes that all the countries do hold the required manufacturing facilities which enable them to use the provisions to produce generic medicines under extraordinary circumstances.But unfortunately m both of the developing and least developing countries do not posses such facilities, and hence they would be leftfield with shortage of such drugs. In addition they are also not allowed to import the generics f rom those countries that possess them. In whatever case these countries do not have enough power and administrative capabilities to invoke the TRIPS Agreement either due to the reason that they do not possess the know-how required to reengineer the drugs or they fear sanctions from the US and the West3. TRIPS Agreement under WTOThe TRIPS Agreement is very much thought of as one of the three pillars of the WTO (World Trade Organization), trade in golds and services being the other two.4TRIPS, initially part of GATT. But becoming part of the WTO brief, was founded to ensure that protection of intellectual property rights was not, of itself, an obstruction to trade and to increase cooperation between members. Under the TRIPS agreement each member state has an obligation to treat all other member states equally. The WTO negotiates between members and helps them to understand and delight out the rules and regulations they have signed up to. It also aids cooperation between members a nd acts as a guard dog to ensure that the agreement is adhered to.Marketing rights of a patent, when first applied for, are given for a level of 5 years or until the patent is finally approved (whichever is the shorter period) exclusively even during this period members essential comply with the rules and regulations as set out in words 3 and 4.Because of the nature of the agreement especially as regards pharmaceuticals, it was decided that token(prenominal) standards could be used, the USA prefers the higher standards tho accepts the minimum as the developing serviceman does not have the capacity to work to the higher standards at the present time. Public awareness of the terrible issue of AIDS and other diseases has led to the belief (by the WTO) that health moldiness, in the final analysis, come in advance agreements since the spread of AIDS cannot be the sole indebtedness of one country.In trying to bridge the to-do between the pharmaceutical companies and the develo ping nations, TRIPS has endeavoured to conduct the two sides together by allowing extensions to drugs patents but has also allowed both(prenominal) compulsory licensing.Article 3(a) under the TRIPS Agreement states that treatment of all members must be equal, but Article 3(b) is a get-out clause and Article 4(b) states that all members are equal, unless an agreement was entered into before the WTO agreement. However, the Council for TRIPS must be sure of any non-observance of Article 3(a) under Article 3(b).The TRIPS Agreement ensures that members discharge their commitments to the World Intellectual Property giving medication (WIPO). Part of the United Nations WIPO was set up in 1974 specifically to direct international treaties and agreements. The Paris approach pattern on Industrial Property and the Berne Convention on Copyright, two of the study treaties have been brought under the TRIPS umbrella. The former states that members must comply with the obligations they have to wards each other and nothing must stand in the way of such obligations. However, as noted, there is a get-out clause in cases of catch which has to be hold by members to the agreements. There is also an agreement that member countries monitor each other for infringements.Most in-chief(postnominal) in terms of worldwide health problems is Article 67 of TRIPS which states that developed countries must assist developing countries with the development of their intellectual property rights, it statesIn order to facilitate the implementation of this Agreement developed country Members shall will, on request and mutually agreed terms and conditions, technical and financial cooperation in favour of developing and least-developed country members Such cooperation shall include assistance in the preparation of laws and regulations on the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights as intumesce as on the prevention of their abuse, and shall include support regarding the esta blishment or reinforcement of domestic offices and agencies relevant to these matters, including the training of personnel. Programmes to assist the developing nations have already been promoted and are being help by the WTO secretariat and WIPO. TRIPS Agreement in Relation to MedicinesSince most pharmaceutical research and development is carried out in developed countries the organisations involved feel that they should be better defend. Most drugs cost millions and take years to test and develop before being allowed onto the market, the industry naturally want returns by way of sugar on sales. AIDS medication has been a positionly important break by means of since HIV infects an estimated 45 million persons worldwide but there are also 1.86 billion cases of infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis5 then, it is tyrannical that something be done to help alleviate this type of suffering which, with the ever growing number of tourists, should be the concern of not only those c ountries in which these epidemics are raging but every nation whose borders are open to travel from other countries.The TRIPS agreement, currently, seems to err on the side of the drugs companies, probably because they have such strong lobbies and are part of the newfound world-wide elite of corporations which, according to Janet Dine, are increasingly importing their own moral philosophy into the developing countries and virtually taking over, creating in the process an impoverished and unhealthy nation, they, the indigenous population have to take what is offered often at less than subsistence wages and become more dependant on the corporations who have moved into their countries in search of ever increasing dough.The money the corporations make from taking over in developing countries returns, not to the people of that region, but to their own countries. With tax incentives and a population who take any work they can get to survive at the lowest rates offered, these Corporati ons appear to be fuelling a crisis in health for some of the poorest nations in the world.6Although The TRIPS agreement does allow for compulsory licensing in an emergency, each country must first negotiate with rights holders and must use those drugs obtained under such a permit only for the emergency period and not for any commercial gain.Specific areas, such as South Africa, are going through a health crisis which take the drugs already available to ameliorate it, however, in spite of clause 3(b), they are getting no further forward in their fight to help their citizens to outmatch unprecedented death rates that the epidemics are producing.In spite of Articles 30/31, which allow for compulsory licensing, the poorest and least developed nations are fighting against the cost of the use of patents and the epidemics themselves. Compulsory licensing does not adequately cover the needs of such nations in sub-Saharan Africa since they do not have facilities to manufacture their own d rugs.7Protection of intellectual property is not part of the culture of galore(postnominal) countries, nevertheless, the TRIPS Agreement was signed on 15th April 1994 by 117 nations. The agreement allows intellectual property rights to be enforced by trade sanctions8 and, although some countries were not in complete agreement, international trade is vital to their economical growth so, however reluctantly, they signed. Inhibitors, which have done much to control AIDS in the west, cost as much as $10.000 per head annually but international trade is the life blood of developing nations therefore they had low choice but to do so.94. TRIPS and Developing CountriesIt has been observed that implementing TRIPS Agreement and recognizing IPR on pharmaceutical products and processes would result in the following problems to the developing countries10The minimum 20 years protection to the IPR would grant a virtual monopoly for a pharmaceutical company over its patented drug and the company would be able to charge exorbitant prices on the drugs without competition which in turn would keep the drug prices very high during the period of protection. It is also not possible to bring any generic equivalent into the market due to the TRIPS Agreement. This would deny the patients cheaper alternative drugs.The product and process patents provide for the protection of the product as well as the technology. Under the TRIPS Agreement the countries are given the right to make application for the protection of patent rights on drugs for a period extending up to twenty years. subsequentlywards the expiation of this period the countries can get the protection extended for further periods to the processes being holded in the manufacture of the drugs. This no doubt creates a monopoly situation on the drugs.Such protection also create the domestic pharmaceutical producers in the developing countries out of market as they have to compete with humongous multinational pharmaceutical m anufacturers which is not possible for small producers in the developing nations who use cheaper generic alternatives. proceed such production whitethorn not be carried out by them during the 20 year protection period.Under TRIPS Agreement patent rights need to be granted irrespective of the fact that the products are merchandise or domestically manufactured11. This implies that the transnational corporations can supply global markets under the monopoly of patent rights even without producing any medicines in the developing countries by simply importing them into the developing countries. There will be no flow of technology or foreign direct investments into the developing countries as envisaged by the WTOHowever under Article 66 of the TRIPS the least developed countries were allowed to postpone the application of the provisions relating to the patents for a period of 10 years on specific application.125. Exceptions to the Patent Protection of Pharmaceuticals Parallel importing implying that the developing counties are allowed to import the drugs from the cheaper markets for resale in their respective countries and thereby lower the prices of drugs.Compulsory licensing under compulsory licensing scheme, the government acting through the courts of law is empowered to provide a license in favor of a third party. Such license may be granted by the government even without the prior consent of the license holder. However the compulsory licensing can be resorted to in cases of national emergencies. The license may also be compulsorily transferred to a third party in case of an extremely emergent situation or where there are circumstances implying any anti-competitive movements by the manufacturers. The compulsory licensing is resorted to by the governments to make the drugs easily available to the poor and needy people at affordable costs. It also ensures that the patent holder is provided adequate wages for use of the patent.6. Public Health in South Africa and the Impact of TRIPS AgreementThe need for cheaper drugs in South Africa can not be undermined. The impact of AIDS in the country poses the situation of an extreme emergency forcing the implementation TRIPS. The economy of South Africa is likely to get affected by a reduction of 1 percent every year because of the work force getting disintegrated. It is estimated that the life expectancy would be get down to 50 years in 2010 from 70 years currently. These threats to the economy and population growth would as well be a threat to peace and order situations in the country of South Africa13.In this setting all the problems enumerated above for the developing nations have been faced by South Africa also. In addition when the government wanted to implement the Medicines and Related Substances Control Bill, the US Government vehemently objected to the passing of the law which allowed for twin importing and compulsory licensing. However amidst lot of pressure on the government and the Parliament the South African government enacted the law in the year 1997.The pharmaceutical lobby backed by the transnational companies in the South Africa not only filed a suit against the promulgation of the law but also indulged in negotiations and threats to the government to change its stand.The pressure was intense after the year 1997 when the South African government act to implement a number of policy measures to lower the prices of drugs used in world health. The SA policies have focused on such issues as mandatory generic drug substitution, restrictions on inappropriate marketing efforts, enrollment of generic versions of the cancer drug Paclitaxel (sold as Taxol by Bristol-Myers Squibb), parallel-imports, and compulsory licensing14.It may be noted that disdain Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement that provides for the parallel importing and compulsory licensing the transnational pharmaceutical companies have vehemently opposed the attempts by developing countries like South Africa taking measures for implementing parallel importing and compulsory licensing as these practices would allow these countries to have their requirements of the medicines at cheaper prices which in turn would affect the profits of these transnational companies15.It was after the interpellation of the AIDS activists and health activists that US came to an understanding in the issue. The government of South Africa insisted that it retains all the original provisions defending its position be retained. The government also wanted to make the fullest use of compulsory licensing and parallel importing which were considered as detrimental to the pursuits of the the Statesn Transnational Companies16. How American Corporations Control the line WorldA- Business lobbiesLarge and small origines in the United States have been organised into various associations, for example Business binge Tables are national Associations which include membership of the Chief Executive Officers (CE Os) of all the most important trans-national companies and the internal Chamber of Commerce includes all sizes of firms.17Round Tables have been in existence since 1972, the first was formed by forty-two of the (then) biggest and most important U.S. companies including banks, retailers, Insurance, transport and most of the utilities companies. They were designed to enable line of products to proceed without the cataclysmal competitive basis of the business world. They were described asAn association of chief executive officers who examine public issues that affect the economy and develop positions which seek to reflect sound economic and social principles. the Roundtable was founded in the belief that business executives should take an increased role in the continuing debates about public policy.18The raison detre for these firms was the idea that what ever is good for business is good for the American people. They argued that, employees, purchasers, suppliers etc all have an in terest in a business. These associations, they say, represent a cross section of the American public.19The idea that what is good for business is good for America is patently nonsense since most people are in fact excluded from any rights in this elite world. Employees have little or no say in the running of their firms and consumers must pay the prices asked, they do have the right not to buy which is a somewhat negative becharm of the process of inclusiveness.David C Korten says that most of the memberships of the Round Tables are confined to white males over the age of 50 whose salaries are enormous. They do not, as claimed, consider that what is good for business is good for America but quite endeavour to maximise their own profits and those of their shareholders by seeking to globalise in areas where they can have an almost free hand to carry out their business practices almost unhindered by the laws of any country they move into. 20Free Trade has long been an ideal of the Am erican Corporate world which is wherefore the Round Tables campaigned vigorously for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA and created USA-NAFTA to front their interests, the American public, sickening at so much control in so few hands, have been given country-wide screening assurances through the media. In spite of the fact that NAFTA was supposed to be a really broad perform of interests it is really part of the elite Round Table Associations and has many representatives on advisory committees.The country magnate have been even more nervous if they had realised that at the time of the creation of these Round Tables the major companies were in fact laying aside their competitive differences to reach a consensus on issues of social and economic policy for America.21B- Influence of U.S. DemocracyJanet Dine claims no single idea is more profoundly embedded in modern culture than the belief that economic growth is the key to meeting most important human needs, including alleviating poverty and protecting the environment 22 which accounts for the greatest growth area in upper-case letter being public relations firms. These firms work hard to protect the images of their unified clients against a rising course of discontent which is now manifesting itself throughout the world. It could be thought that they are fighting a losing battle but the top fifty public relations firms billed over $1.7 billion dollars in 199123 which gives rise to the inquire, wherefore are these PR firms so necessary?There is probably no single answer to this question but very little intelligence information is given directly to the public without some corporate employee looking at at the effect it will have, news and advertising, according to Korten, are almost synonymous.24The political system of America has greatly changed in the post war period of more general affluence. The Democratic party has lost its basic identity the party of the people as opposed to the Rep ublicans who have always represented business and the wealthier side of the electorate this being so the Democrats are far more dependant on the need to educe funds for their electioneering and have turned to the corporations who inevitably want quid pro quo for their donations.The mass media are heavily place the elitist values of corporate America and the amount they are able to pay to PR firms to put across an extremely one-sided policy and both the leading parties needing the financial backing of corporate America, this, says David C Korten, This is the sorry state of American democracy.25 He says that voters tend to be seen as a passive homogeneous mass of potential customers who can be told not only what to buy but also what to bring forward and feel. What is worse, this idea of corporations is spreading, many trans-national companies rely heavily on the corporate idealism of what is good for them is good for the people they sell to. Mexico and Japan both use those same Am erican firms to tell their populations what they should think and feel and ultimately what they should buy.C- American Democracy for SaleThe Mexican government spent upwards of $25 million and hired many of the leading Washington lobbyists to support its campaign for NAFTA. Japanese corporations were spending an estimated $ degree centigrade million a year on political lobbying in the United States and another $300 million building a nationwide grassroots political network to influence public opinion. 26Canada, Britain and the Netherlands governments employ public relations firms in America to help them lobby and draft laws that will be favourable to the business elites in their own countries.These companies try to sell the idea of corporate libertarianism 27which is supposed to allay the fears of those who have an idea that all is not well in the corporate world of business, it is possible to claim that these corporations are in fact in the act of taking over the world and with th e resources piling up behind them it could well happen in the not too distant future.The United States and Higher Levels of Protection.To add to this reputation of a world take-over by corporate America, the signatories to TRIPS have begun to rethink intellectual property protection.28 This is bad news for those under-developed countries which rely on drugs from the western world to protect their citizens from ravaging epidemics. Rosalyn S Park saysPoor, developing nations have been most affected by the patent protection laws and resulting high drug prices, yet these nations also think about the highest number of HIV-positive people. Consequently, the vast majority of people in need of HIV/AIDS medicines simply cannot afford them. 29In 2006 new protection laws will come into force which all members must adhere to. This will have a devastating effect on the millions of people in countries too poor to have their own drugs businesses, they will become more reliant upon those better p rotected, developed countries making vast profits from the countries least able to pay.Neither the USA nor the European Union appear greatly interested in aiding those countries with the greatest needs and the least ability to pay. Admittedly concessions have been made as regards agricultural and framework concessions but this has been at the cost of allowing higher property rights which is a swings-and-round-a-bouts situation. It would be much more usable to South Africa specifically and to the developing world in general, if the costs of patented drugs could be either brought down or, as a common sense gesture of good will, eliminated completely until such time as the AIDS epidemic was at least brought down to manageable proportions.In spite of several several(predicate) types of drugs on the market which help combat AIDS and AIDS related illnesses30 not enough are getting through to the developing countries as the multinationals are still insisting on not estimable the status quo as regards intellectual property rights but even higher levels.31 They appear to be set only by the profit motive and the perceived necessity for free trade paying little attention to the suffering caused in the developing world. Nor are they taking a long term view, passing contagious diseases are rife in the developing world, therefore, with the modern freedom of travel, no country can ever be safe from the same epidemics. Even with modern drugs to combat them, new strains will develop, new drugs will have to be found and costs will escalate. doses now exist which allow people with AIDS to live a reasonably normal life including returning to work, it would in fact be in the interests of the drugs companies to allow South Africa to use them, dead people have no use for drugs nor anything else that the multi-nationals may wish to sell them. ConclusionThe TRIPS Agreement was a milestone in patent protection of intellectual property rights and was considered to be a financial sa feguard for research investment, however, it also had the effect of pricing some pharmaceuticals out of the reach of many nations most in need of the most recently patented medicines. earlier the TRIPS agreement, governments had been able to make compulsory licence orders to produce drugs at lower prices in their own countries, after the agreement, although still possible, it is much more difficult and thus more difficult to protect their citizens from the epidemics which are wreaking havoc in their countries.It is important to protect intellectual property rights but it is far more important to protect peoples lives but the balance currentlppears to be largely towards the greater protection of pharmaceutical industries.TRIPS allows compulsory licensing and parallel pricing but underdeveloped countries such as South Africa are being prevented from using them because of the threat of trade sanctions and trade is vital to their economies.It is necessary to protect peoples work and i nvestment and research must be encouraged especially into life-threatening diseases. Corporations who invest time and money into producing drugs to cope with these scourges should reap the rewards of their labour. However, many drugs companies are seeing such enormous returns on their investments that concessions should be made to underdeveloped countries which so urgently need the medications produced by these huge giants of industry. In spite of concessions in the TRIPS agreement, corporations do appear to be protected at the expense of peoples lives.Public health should be and is a priority in the west where governments can afford to buy the health of their citizens. Unfortunately, this is not the case in the poorer, less developed countries where governments are struggling to find ways to access drugs and yet to maintain a healthy affair relationship with the countries which hold the patents to these drugs.Good health is the basic right of every citizen of every country whereso ever possible. More goodwill is necessary on the part of the western world and America in situation to allow compulsory licensing and parallel pricing to be used without the threat of trade sanctions. Epidemics do not respect borders, they can be carried by people to all corners the world, what was a third world problem yesterday is our problem today, world health is an issue that no country can ignore therefore although corporations must be allowed fair returns on their investments it must not be at the expense of world health.It is quite apparent that TRIPS Agreement has not taken into account the public health needs of the developing nations while formulating the clauses relating to the protection of IPR in respect of pharmaceutical needs. The Agreement has not specified any particular obligations towards those governments granting the IPR for pharmaceutical products. The Agreement has also not considered the need for public health in the developing countries and grossly ignored the interests of the patients of these countries.There are a number of factors that the developing countries have to take into account including the signification of the TRIPS Agreement and the patent protection under the Agreement in the provision of medical facilities and adequate public health to the people of the respective developing countries. At the end of the day it must be accepted that the poorer residents of the worlds least affluent nations cannot pay even the marginal cost of drugs that might save their lives or permit them to become productive workers32.BibliographyConceicao Soares (2007)The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third Business ethics A European followup Vol. 16 No 3 p 280David C Korten, When Corporations rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144Duane Nash, VI, Foreign world(prenominal) Law South Africas Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act o f 1997 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis)Fact Sheet Developing Countries Transition Periodshttp//www.wto.org/ English/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm04_e.htmpharmsandags p1F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations Journal of International Economic Law (2002) p 939Janet Dine, The brass section of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.157J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.6John A. Harrelson, IV. beak Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and clemency 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis)Kara M. Bombach The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPS http//academic.udayton.edu/health/06world/africa01.htm p1Lisa Foreman (2007)Trade Rules, Intellectual Property and the Right to Health Comparative Program in Health and Society Munk sum total for International Studies University of Toronto Ethics International Affairs Vol. 21 No3 p 342Louise Sylvan TRIPS Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People Online Opinionhttp//www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1968 p1Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, haughty 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document.p1N.B. Zaveri (1999) Success often comes to those who dare and act, typography presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and Peoples Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p1Patric Bond US form _or_ system of government toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs substitute Information and Development Centre http//www.aidc.org.za/?q=book/view/156 p1Ross Brennan and capital of Minnesota Baines (2005) Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world Business Ethics A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p32Rosalyn S Park, The International Drug assiduity What the Future Holds for South Africas HIV/AIDS Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, p.3Z. Mirza (1999) WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health impacts and strategies, The Networks Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 271 United Nations (2004) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva United Nations2 Ross Brennan and Paul Baines (2005) Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world Business Ethics A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p 323 Conceicao Soares (2007)The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third Business Ethics A European Review Vol. 16 No 3 p 2804 www.wto.org (Frequently asked questions about TRIPS in the WTO).5 Duane Nash, VI, Foreigh International Law South Africas Medi cines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act of 1997 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis)6 Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.1577 John A. Harrelson, IV. Note Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis)8 Ibid9 Ibid10 Z. Mirza (1999) WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health impacts and strategies, The Networks Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 2711 Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, August 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document. p112 Fact Sheet Developing Countries Transition Periodshttp//www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm04_e.htmpharmsandags p113 Kara M. Bombach The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPShttp//academic.udayton.edu/health/06world/africa01.htm p114 Patric Bond US Policy toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs Alternative Information and Development Centre http//www.aidc.org.za/?q=book/view/156 p115 Louise Sylvan TRIPS Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People Online Opinionhttp//www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1968 p116 N.B. Zaveri (1999) Success often comes to those who dare and act, paper presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and Peoples Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p117 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.14418 Ibid19 Ibid20 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.14421 Ibid22 Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.15623 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Eart hscan Publication Ltd. London, p.14624 Ibid25 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.14726 Ibid27 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London,pp.147-14828 Rosalyn S Park, The International Drugs Industry What the Future Holds for South Africas HIV/AIDS Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2002.p.129 Ibid30 Rosalyn S Park, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2000, p.231 J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.632 F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing NationsJournal of International Economic Law (2002) p 939

David Blunkett and the tightening of asylum entry rules Essay Example for Free

David Blunkett and the tightening of safety entry rules EssayThere has been a lot of publicity meet the general issue of Asylum Seekers, with reports of clashes betwixt Asylum Seekers and members of the host community seeming to be a frequent occurrence. The question of the number of asylum seekers allowed entry into the UK has been at the centre of a longstanding consider for some time. However, it hasnt been up until recently that labour government has decided to take action in aim to control the escalating amount of asylum seekers in the earth. Therefore, it will be these red-hot measures taken by he home secretary that were announced earlier this week following the asylum amnesty that will be analysed. In order to understand why the government is so eager to control the influx of refugees it is essential to look at the evidence. According to home office statistics there were approximately 10,588 applications for asylum in the UK in the second quarter of 2003. The top f ive applicant countries were Somalia, Zimbabwe, China, India and Pakistan. Also in 2002 the UK received most applications of asylum than any of the other western countries with 24%.It is these statistics and media coverage around the arrival of asylum seekers that heighten grwoing tensions and distaste towards asylum seekers. Media coverage of asylum seekers can be blamed for fuelling hostility towards the seekers therefore the media coverage of the peeled reforms and how they are presented to the general public will be analysed. David Blunketts new measures to toughen up the asylum formation were unveiled earlier this week. It was announced that asylum seekers could go to prison for up to two years if they disgrace their passports or travel documents on the behavior to Britain.It is thought that this would make claiming refugee status more difficult if the refugee doesnt champion the correct papers. Not only is the home secretary taking direct action with the asylum seekers p lans hand over also been revealed to target unscrupulous and unqualified legal advisors in Britain who encourage asylum seekers to make raving mad appeals. Some would argue that the number of asylum seekers allowed into the country needs to be controlled. Members of the host country in particular can be hostile towards the asylum seekers. This is because asylum seekers are seen as taking payoff of the benefits provided by the country.This includes the NHS, subsidised housing. As asylum seekers are not entitled to work this can lots lead to their reliance on the basic benefits at the expense of the tax payers and again this heightens hostility between the two groups. Likewise, memners of the host country tend to be worried in terms of cultural aspects The new reforms carry attracted much media coverage. According to the Independent (28th October) the new measures can be seen as a advantage for British asylum policies. According to the article the home secretary, has succeeded t hrough administrative stealth, in something few would have thought possible.The article continues to argue that despite the new measures the UK will remain faithful to the legal obligations of obligations of the1951 UN approach pattern. The convention formally defined a refugee as a a well fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. However, it can be argued that as the UK is presenting obstacles in the way of asylum can they really promote themselves as a liberal and democratically free country? This is the argument taken by Theodore Dalrrymple.

Love for Cooking Essay Example for Free

go to sleep for Cooking EssayGoal In this paper I tried to open to different ideas to training opposed to giving directions about how to cook. I tried to provide each reason with two manikins to fertilise readers a better understanding about what food can really be about. Evaluation I feel like I did good on the overview on covering all the basics on cooking to where its understandable and relateable opposed to writing is as a recipe or directions list that most slew would think cooking is about. Cooking a satisfying dish has three panoramas. The first thought that is usually the most important is eat with the eyes.An example is how the dish is plated, how it smells, and how appealing and appetizing it looks to the eye. Another example that compares to the first example is that if food is plated sloppy or looks and smells unappetizing, it generally doesnt catch peoples attention. A second aspect that relates to the first aspect is using fresh ingredients. Using fresh ing redients means a healthier meal, and as well getting natural vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and ect. Another example is using fresh food opposed to processed food, because everyone wants to knows what theyre eating. peerless last aspect is making the dish taste fantastic. A dish that tastes good has people eating more of it, even though it might not be good for them to over-stuff. Another reason is people asking for the recipe or asking the chef to prepare their meals boost confidence in the chef knowing she do a good meal for everyone. One thing that will always remain is that feeling of providing something juicy for the community that has them cominging back and a sense of happiness and successfullnes in a chef.

Recommendation Letter Essay Example for Free

Recommendation Letter EssayIn my opinion, I ingest never before written a recommendation letter where the candidate and the opportunity were such a perfect fit. I puddle known Janet Lerner for two years now, since she took my introductory course in dinosaurs during her sophomore year. In my long education career, I have never met an undergraduate student with such a genuine and focused engagement in paleontology, and such a clear aptitude for it. I get out demonstrate this by oral presentation to Janets king as a communicator, her specific interest in dinosaur paleontology, and her maturity and integrity. Janet informs me that you are seek a skilled communicator to give tours of your animatronic displays.Even during her sophomore year, Janet was a skilled communicator on the subject of dinosaur paleontology. In my class, for which she received an A, Janet wrote two compositions one on the roots of the discovery and the characteristics of Deinonychus one evaluating the de fensive capabilities of Euoplocephalus. Janet proved herself not only exceptionally articulate and schooled on the subject at hand, but she also showed herself capable of wielding an disputationmoving from premise to conclusion based on relevant evidence.Janet also did all this with style and flair. I cite excerpts from her papers Previously seen as cold-blooded, pea-brained lizards . . . and The toe muscles acted as a spring mechanism to blink the claw around towards the back of the foot. For me, such articulations underscore both Janets authentic fascination with dinosaurs and her ability to communicate that excitement and knowledge to others.As an academic advisor to the dormitory where Janet lives, I frequently realise her interactions with others and know first-hand of her community service. Last year, Janet was the elected vice-president in the dormitory, and in this role she was responsible for numerous functions, including energy/student lunches and a recruiting phoneath on. Janet is well-respected in the dormitorya popular figure known for her honesty, calm, and kindness. I have seen her handle delicate situations with discretion, and she handles herself in all situations with poise.Finally, Janet has strong convictions tempered by good judgment and cause she has firm spiritual roots and an active, diverse, social life she is loyal, committed, and clear-sighted. It is a rare treat to encounter a student as impressive as Janet Lerner, and if you give her the opportunity I am sure you will find her equally impressive. Please do give her your most thoughtful consideration.

Midterm Exam Business Valuation and Stock Valuation Essay Example for Free

Midterm Exam Business military rating and Stock Valuation EssayIt is generally more expensive to form a proprietorship than a corporation because, with a proprietorship, extensive legal documents are mandatory. (b) Corporations face fewer regulations than sole proprietorships. (c) One disadvantage of operating a business as a sole proprietorship is that the firm is subject to double taxation, at both the firm level and the owner level. (d) One advantage of forming a corporation is that equity investors are commonly exposed to less liability than in a regular partnership.If a regular partnership goes bankrupt, individually partner is exposed to liabilities only up to the amount of his or her investment in the business. (2) (TCO G) A security measures analyst obtained the following information from Prestopino Products financial statements Retained earnings at the end of 2009 were $700,000, but maintained earnings at the end of 2010 had declined to $320,000. The company does n ot pay dividends. The companys depreciation cost is its only non-cash expense it has no amortization charges. The company has no non-cash revenues.The companys net cash flow (NCF) for 2010 was $150,000. On the basis of this information, which of the following statements is CORRECT? (Points 10) (a) Prestopino had negative net income in 2010. ( b ) Prestopinos depreciation expense in 2010 was less than $150,000. (c) Prestopino had positive net income in 2010, but its income was less than its 2009 income. (d) Prestopinos NCF in 2010 must be higher than its NCF in 2009. (e) Prestopinos cash on the balance pall at the end of 2010 must be lower than the cash it had on the balance sheet at the end of 2009.Which of the following is most likely to occur? (Points 10) (a) The required rate of return for an average communication channel will summation by an amount equal to the increase in the market risk premium. (b) The required rate of return will decline for stocks whose betas are le ss than 1. 0. (c) The required rate of return on the market, rM, will not change as a result of these changes. (d) The required rate of return for all(prenominal) individual stock in the market will increase by an amount equal to the increase in the market risk premium. (e) The required rate of return on a riskless stay will decline.

Detention centres are factories for producing mental illness Essay Example for Free

Detention centres ar factories for producing mental illness Essay there atomic number 18 currently over 4000 people locked up in all over Australia in detention centres like this one. In our so called lucky country some of these unlucky souls waste been isolated from over 2 old age. Despite there rhotic to the contrary, the Australian governments treatment of asylum seekers is cryptograph short of disgraceful, no better than the appalling conditions from which these despite individuals have fled. Manadory detention are factories for producing mental illness. There are 1. De humanityising 2. Our slurr on our international reputation and obligations and 3. Simply unaustralian, there are better ways pass by solve this worry remember this people have commited no plague.Meet Abdul Hammadi, in 4 years of detention, Adul cut himself repeatly, drank poison, took false medication and attempted suicide. He was kicked and punched by guards and beaten with batons by riot police.. sooner of being put into psychiatric care he was put into solitary confinement. Abdul fled Pakistan because he was continually persecuted, entirely subsequently 6 years of leaving detention in Australia, the country where he sought refuge, he is a broken man and will never work again (Abdal doctors)Dr Suresh Sundrain of the Australian Medical wellness Research Institute has stated that people enter detention, resembling resilient and healthy thusly we subject them to preposterous conditions we appear to subvert there resilience and their mental health, he goes onto say that there is good selective information is show that most people who had significant immigration centre experiences have comprised mental health on release, and these mental health problems persist for a protracted period following resettlement.So how dumb is this ? No only do we summit these poor people to humiliating detention akin for no crime akin to a prison settlement, we inflict such a traumatic experie nce on them plot of land their in detention that it leaves stars of mental illness to the point where it manes them from participating in society. We then completion up forking out their welfare payments for the rest of their lives and this can represent hund expiration and thousands of dollars per asylum seeker. entertain explain to me, how this makes any sense ?Despite the hysteria generated by the asylum seeker debate, it regards to be remembered that Australia has always had high obligations to assist asylum seekers under international law, mainly the 1951 united nation blueprint relating to the status of refugees and the 1967 protocol to which Australia is a signatory. Inspective of how these people arrived to Australia, legally and illegally, the fact remains that between 2008 to 2010 the number of boat people seeking asylum in Australia rose from 161 to 6535 once here we an obligation to look after them. Many have risked everything to make the dangerous journey. Some ha ve left families, some have been displaced and others have others tremendous torture. While they have committed no crime, it is a crime of the nation which locks people up in mandatory detention and inflicts another round of mental anguish in amongst an insurmountable beurocacy of legalism and red tape.As a recent documentary on 4 corners revealed, mandatory detention is a smite on our nation. We need to stand up to our government representatives that enough is enough. Mandatory detention is cruel and demining and however factors for producing mental illness and depression. In the land that prides itself on giving everyone a fair go it is beat for us to give asylum seekers a fair go.So what can you do to make a difference ? There are three easy ways that you alone can help 1. import a letter to your local Politian, Politians understand only one votes and if they want your vote they will need to listen, come to their party, organise a predication from other members of your schoo l or workplace. Perhaps side with the petition being organised by four corners ( see website). 2. Be informed , be aware of the problem dig deep into the issue if you havent done so already, motivate yourself to view the four corners documentary on inhuman detention , it is powerful, confronting and informative. Dont be the emu, with its head in the sand, take an interest in whats happing around you and then you are in a position to make a difference. There is plenty of internet accept about this topic.Join or find an organisation like Amnesty international are aggrandizement funds for there project freedom from fences which aims to A) get access or interview asylum seekers in remote detention centres, so that there stories can be told, B) support research and help with the custodial applications of individual asylum seekers, C) monitor and support peoples claims if they have been treated unfairly and D) Lobby the government to quit the barbaric practice of mandatory detention.C onclusionAs fair minded Australians I am for sure you will agree that detention centres dont work and in fact they are responsible for causing more than trauma and mental illness. Finally as an Australian, you must agree with our nation logo on which we are prided upon that is to give to everyone a fair go. Therefore we must also give these despite people a fair go also, it is time to shut down detention centres forever and lets look for more human ways of processing their refuge status. Whatever your political agenda or colour it is incumbent on us to give asylum seekers a fair go and the right to heard in a civilised and compassionate manner.

Loneliness and Dreams in Mice of men Essay Example for Free

L angiotensin converting enzymeliness and Dreams in Mice of work force bear witnessJohn Steinbeck wrote the novel of Mice and Men during the keen feeling. During this time there were few jobs which meant race had to migrate in search of jobs. This meant they were unremittingly moving and could not establish lasting friendships or relationships. Steinbeck portrays the l aceliness and hardship mat by people living through and through the 1930s American depression. He shows how the ideates of the characters were what helped them survive through this period. In this essay I leave discuss the inhalations and loneliness of the characters in the novel and how Steinbeck reveals each characters loneliness and inspirations. George and Lennie whatever(prenominal) experience loneliness. Even though they had each opposite George needed somebody on his wavelength, with his level of adulthood because Lennie is like a child and does not think like an adult, he is ment in wholey re tarded.One some gets the feeling that he doesnt want Lennie for companionship at all when he is conversationing to Lennie ab forbidden how he would live without him. God a mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. Page 11As George carries on splattering of his laid back carefree lifestyle he day-dreams of he more and more gets angrier. It makes the reader wonder why he even stays with Lennie if he feels so overwhelmed with the responsibility of projecting at out for Lennie. George is a thinker he sees how bitter other men on the ranch know become through their loneliness George knows that staying with Lennie stops him from macrocosm truly lonely. He to a fault has protection from Lennie because he knows he is safe when he has a big guy like Lennie as his friend. Looking out for Lennie gives him a purpose, a suit, a role in his life he gets the satisfaction of knowing he is needed.George fell silent. He wanted to talk. Page 41This acknowledgment is from when George tal ks to Slim. He is happy to prepare the chance to talk to someone on his level of maturity. As Slim is a good meeter and tries to understand the relationship between George and Lennie.Lennie doesnt really experiences loneliness although he needs to pet something, to hold something. He always has George to look after him sees George as a father figure. George instructs him on how to behave and what to do in certain situations.Slowly, like a terrier who doesnt want to bring a ball to its master, Lennie approached, page 9This quote is taken from when George wants to take a dead mouse away from Lennie who doesnt want to give it up. It reveals how George has an authority over Lennie.George and Lennies dream is to one day avow some land. They wish to live on this land and be their own boss. George no longer wants to comply with somebody elses rules. He wants to have a purpose in running(a) hard on the land because then he will benefit from his hard work. Whereas when working on a ranch he is working hard for somebody elses profits.Lennie is only interested in t result to the rabbits. He just wants to be able to pet some animals. His dream fits in with Georges it doesnt egress if he owns the land or not.Curleys married womans name is never mentioned she is always referred to as Curleys wife. Steinbeck never uses her name because the other men see her as belonging to Curley, just another possession of his on the ranchCurleys wife is the only woman on the ranch, she married Curley recently and she is still quite an young. She is lonely because she has no one to confide in. When she wants to talk to the men she uses the excuse she is looking for Curley.Any you boys seen Curley? Pg81This quote is from when Lennie, Candy and Crooks are in Crooks room and Curleys wife comes in. In this chapter we know she uses the excuse she is looking for Curley as a way to talk to the men on the ranch. We know this because, after the men tell her he hasnt been there she saysThink I dont know where they all went?Even Curley. I know where they all went. Page 81She uses this excuse any time she wants to talk to the men and she has shown that she knew exactly where he was this time. She then calls them the weak ones the bunch of bindle stiffs unless even after that she wishes to talks to them. This is because she is desperate for some company anyone to talk to. She is seen to be a harsh and jail bait by the other men on the ranch, but she still wants to have them for company.Curleys wife also had dream, she still has, and when she was younger she wanted to be an actress. She says how she could have been famous, rich and happy. I coulda made somethin of myself. She express darkly, Maybe I will yet. Pg 93The fact that she still hopes to fulfil her dream is rather pathetic. Her dream is real unrealistic she will never break free from her unhappy marriage. She has this dream because it is a shit of escapism, she can pretend that she is not lonely and that one -day she will not have to live the way she very much dislikes. I tell you I aint used to livin like this. Pg 93She reveals her dreams to Lennie when hes on his own she finds that the men only talk to her when they are on their own. Even when Lennie is on his own he is reluctant to talk to her because of what George has said about her.Crooks is a Negro in a society that considers non-whites as sub-human. He also is partially crippled which does not help when he is living in a society that hold dear people by their ability to provide a service. Because of his race he does not sleep in the same room as the other workers, he lives in the room where he works in and a manure pile under the window.Because of this Crooks spends most of his time on his own leading to a great feeling of loneliness. His only companions are his books and as he has seen people come and go he has acquired more possessions than the others have.His loneliness is revealed when he is talking to Lennie. Lennie is ta lking to Crooks in his room, telling him about the land they will one day own. A guy needs somebody-to be near him. Pg 77Crooks reads books but because of his tinct he has no friend not even somebody on his wavelength. He is on his own either night whereas all the other men share their room in the bunkhouse.Crooks is so exceed with his loneliness that he cannot hope or dream anymore. He doesnt take any notice of Lennies dream because he has heard it all before.I seen hundreds of men come by on the roadAn every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head.An never a god-damn one of em ever gets it. Pg 78Although after he hears how this dream could become a reality Crooks is influenced and wants to join forces in. He later retracts his statement because of the way Curleys wife treats him. Well you keep your place, then, Nigger. I could get you thread up on a tree so easy it aint even funny. Pg 85Shes racist and through her body language she shows that she has the autho rity over him. This is why he no longer wanted to join in with the plan of owning land.Candy is lonely because he has nobody he only had one companion, which was his track that he had since the hang back was a puppy. Candy was very upset when his dog had to be killed. His loneliness is revealed when Carlson proposes that the dog should be shot. Whynt you shoot him, confect?The old man squirmed uncomfortably. Pg 47The thought of Candys only companion being shot fills him with dread. The thought is uncomfortable. He tries many times to reason with Carlson and find a way that he can put off the death of his dog.Candy said hopefully, you aint got a gun. Pg 50The only reason he lets his dog die is because he cannot argue with Carlson. Also Slim agreed with Carlson and Slim countersignature is the law in this play, the voice of reason.Candy is so desperate for companionship that he keeps a filmdom dog that is in pain from dying in a way this is an act of selfishness.Candy listens atte ntively while George and Lennie are talking about their dream. He offers to buy the land they need to fulfil their dream.Sspose I went in with you guys.Thas three hundred an fifty bucks Id put in Pg 62Candy is very old, because of the great depression there is no job security and because of this he thinks he will be take soon.At this point the dream seems more real to them than it has ever been before.Before it was just a fantasy, some thing to find comfort in, but he could never actually let himself believe it. They all sat still, all bemused by the beauty of the thing, Pg 64I think now their dream is more realistic but not realistic enough because George says if Lennie and he dont spend anything they would have $450 but they are bound to spend something especially when George is interested in going to the cat house. Also the communicate price is $600 it will take a lot longer for them to raise that amount of money.The great depression in America had its effect on many of the ch aracters money was hard to come by.Loneliness is a major theme in the novel Of Mice and Men because many of the characters suffer from this more than anything else. Loneliness kills Curleys wife, embitters Crooks and candy although Lennie and George put it off through the fact that they have each other for companionship.Guys like us, that work on the ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. Lennie broke in. But not us Because because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and thats why Pg 14Steinbeck doesnt offer any answers to the characters problem of loneliness. Showing the reader a bright and moving portrayal of how loneliness affects people without providing an antidote or giving a happy ending makes the novel really meritless.Lennie and Georges dream brought nothing but pain and grief instead of promised joy and happiness, which ties into the tag end of the book which was taken from a poem titled to a mouse by a Scots poet called Robert Burns.Th is poem was about how a mouse, which had planned for the winter by making a nest, had its nest sunk by a tractor.George and Lennie planned carefully how they were going to achieve their dream of being free and case-by-case but forces beyond their control shattered their dream. Steinbeck never suggests that dreams should not be had, Lennie and Georges dream was so mightily that Candy was drawn in and for a short time so was the cynical Crooks. This dream was what console Lennie and helped George survive. The dreams the characters had had to be had they were what was needed to hold on to, to survive and to work for.This period of time made people bitter because they were lonely, the only person they had to look out for was themselves, kindness had no place on the ranch. They all cried out for love and care but only Lennie openly expressed his need for it through his constant talk of rabbits. Characters like Crooks had become cynical, he had lost hope and he couldnt dream. At first when Lennie talked of his dream Crooks thought it was another pathetic dream he was beyond imagining how everything could be. Curleys wifes dream was rather pathetic and quite unrealistic but it was a form of escapism for her. So she fantasised about her dream coming true up but it was her way of coping when she was in an unhappy marriage that she had no way out of. It is sad to think that the loneliness that she was trying to get away from killed her in the end.